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GCSE BIOLOGY UNIT 1 > Breathing > Flashcards

Breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two key changes that occur during exercise.

A
  1. Volume of air increases
  2. Number of breaths increases
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2
Q

What does increased exercise mean for the muscle cells?

A

Use more oxygen from the blood and pass more carbon dioxide into the blood.

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3
Q

Why is a larger volume of air needed during exercise?

A

To replace the oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide.

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4
Q

Define the recovery rate.

A

The time taken for the breathing rate to return to normal after exercise.

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5
Q

4 ways to prove someone is more fit when looking at the breathing rate?

A
  1. Lower resting breath rate.
  2. Lower maximum breathing rate.
  3. Shorter recovery rate
  4. Slower rate of increase.
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6
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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7
Q

What are the 5 adaptions of the alveoli for gas exchange?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Permeable surfaces
    *Moist walls
    *Good blood supplys
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8
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria.

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9
Q

Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic.

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10
Q

How is the large surface area in the alveoli created?

A

Folded surfaces.

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11
Q

What do the thin walls in the alveoli reduce?

A

The diffusion distance

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12
Q

How thick are the capillaries close to the alveoli?

A

1 cell thick.

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13
Q

What do the permeable surfaces allow?

A

Allows for easy diffusion of O2 and CO2.

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14
Q

What is the concentration of O2 for the blood entering the alveolar capillaries?

A

Low.

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15
Q

The air in the alveoli has a what concentration of O2?

A

High.

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16
Q

The air in the alveoli has a what concentration of CO2?

A

Low.

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17
Q

What is the concentration of CO2 for the blood entering the alveolar capillaries?

A

High.

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18
Q

What do the folded surfaces in the alveoli allow?

A

More contact between the blood and the air.

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19
Q

How does oxygen move from the alveoli to the blood?

A

Diffusion.

20
Q

The leaf has a large surface area, why?

A

For exchange.

21
Q

What is the distance across which the exchange occurs?

A

Small.

22
Q

Is the surface where the exchange happens moist or not?

A

Moist.

23
Q

Where are the intercellular air spaces?

A

In the spongy mesophyll layer.

24
Q

In plants, is there a diffusion gradient?

A

Yes.

25
Q

What do the intercellular air spaces do?

A

Allows diffusion of gases to occur.

26
Q

What is the stomata?

A

A pore on a leaf.

27
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

Allows diffusion of gases in and out of the cell.

28
Q

What are the similarities in the adaptations of the leaf and alveoli?

A

-Both have large surface areas.
-Both have a short diffusion distance (thin walls)
-Both have a layer of moisture.
-Both have a diffusion gradient.

29
Q

What are the differences in the adaptations of the leaf and alveoli?

A

-LEAF has stomata.
-ALVEOLI has a good blood supply.
-ALVEOLI has folded surfaces.

30
Q

How is energy released?

A

By respiration.

31
Q

Explain why it is necessary for the breathing rate to increase during exercise?

A

-more oxygen to the muscles as they are contracting more
-more respiration

32
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration WITH oxygen.

33
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration WITHOUT oxygen.

34
Q

In the mitochondria, what happen to the glucose?

A

It becomes oxidised.

35
Q

When the glucose is oxidised, what does it produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

36
Q

What is the word and balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+energy)

37
Q

The breakdown of glucose releases energy and most of it is lost as what?

A

Heat.

38
Q

What factors affect respiration?

A

-pH
-concentration
-temperature

39
Q

What are two ways you can use yeast to determine the rate of respiration?

A

-Counting the number of CO2 bubbles produced in a set amount of time.
-The distance the dough rises (due to CO2).

40
Q

What are the 2 similarities between anaerobic respiration in yeast and mammals?

A

-They both require sugar (glucose).
-The both produce small amounts of energy.

41
Q

What are the 2 differences between anaerobic respiration in yeast and mammals?

A

-Yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
-Mammals produce lactic acid

42
Q

In a text tube, why is there a layer of oil?

A

To prevent oxygen from entering.

43
Q

In a test tube why was the glucose boiled?

A

To remove dissolved water and oxygen.

44
Q

In a test tube, why was the glucose cooled?

A

To ensure the enzymes in the yeast do not become denatured.

45
Q

What is the purpose of limewater in the test tube?

A

To test for CO2 and prove that anaerobic respiration has taken place.

46
Q

What do the guard cells do?

A

Regulate the opening of the stomata.

47
Q

What is the only time the stomata is closed?

A

At night.

GCSE BIOLOGY UNIT 1 (11 decks)

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