Breasts Flashcards by Ismerai Reyes

Supernumerary nipple/ breasts- location

Along milk line

not dangerous

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Supernumerary nipple/ breasts- signs and symptoms

Darken during pregnancy

Increase in size/lactation during pregnancy

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Gynecomastia- what is it?

Unwanted enlargement/swelling of breast tissue

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Gynecomastia - risk factors

M- puberty

Elderly- decreased testosterone

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Gynecomastia - indicates what?

Hormone imbalance- increased estrogen

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Mastodynia (mastalgia)- risk factors

W taking OCPs or HRT

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Mastodynia (mastalgia)- cause

Hormonal changes- cyclical

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Mastodynia (mastalgia)- signs and symptoms

Tenderness/pain

Luteal phase

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Mastodynia (mastalgia)- treatment

Vit B6 and Vit E

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Mastitis- what is it?

Breast infection

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Mastitis - risk factors?

Lactating

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Mastitis - cause

Staph aureus

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Mastitis - signs and symptoms

Abscess
Poor latch or incomplete emptying of breast
Unilateral tenderness
Heat
Significant fever/chills
Body aches (flu-like/ cellulitis type symptoms)

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Mastitis- what is affected?

Usually one quadrant of breast/lobule affected

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Mastitis- labs and imaging

Culture of purulent milk - NOT done

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Mastitis- treatment

Dicloxacillin 
Cephalosporin 
Warm compress 
Continue breastfeeding 
Surgical or I&D- if abscess

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Breast abscess- develops when?

During lactation

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Breast abscess - signs and symptoms

Painful
Swollen area of redness
Tenderness
Induration (filled w pus)

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Breast abscess- what may develop in non-lactating W? and why?

Subareolar abscess

From nipple piercing

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Breast abscess- treatment

I & D

Dicloxacillin= abx

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Breast abscess- what if no response to tx?

suspect inflammatory breast cancer- especially if associated w axillary lymphadenopathy

Fat necrosis of the breast- what is it?

Benign- damaged/dead breast tissue

Fat necrosis of the breast - risk factors/cause

Trauma

After breast bx, radiation, surgery

Fat necrosis of the breast- signs and symptoms

Firm nodule

Fat necrosis of the breast - tests and imaging

Bx | May look like breast carcinoma on imaging

Fat necrosis of the breast- treatment

Excision is not needed

Fat necrosis of the breast and risk of cancer

NO increased risk

Fibrocystic breast changes / disease- what is it?

MC benign condition of breast

Fibrocystic breast changes / disease - risk factors

30-50 | Denser breast

Fibrocystic breast changes / disease - cause

Hormonal changes that produce lumps

Fibrocystic breast changes / disease - signs and symptoms

Bilateral pain and size fluctuation during period Mobile Cyclic pain or breast tenderness

Fibrocystic breast changes / disease- when do symptoms subside? and why?

At menopause- no more hormonal changes w menstrual cycle

Fibrocystic breast changes / disease vs carcinoma

Multiple lesions usually distinguish from carcinoma but any suspicious lesion should be biopsied or excised - straw colored or green fluid

Fibrocystic breast changes / disease- treatment

``` Supportive bra Caffeine avoidance Low salt diet Vitamin E Evening primrose oil ```

Fibroadenoma- what is it?

Benign tumor of glandular breast tissue Second most common benign breast disorder

Fibroadenoma- risk factors

Young W | Black W

Fibroadenoma- signs and symptoms

``` Round or ovoid Firm Smooth Rubbery Discrete Mobile Non tender Painless ```

Fibroadenoma- diagnosis

Core needle bx or | 3-6 m follow up w repeat US and breast exam

Fibroadenoma- treatment

No tx if dx made by core needle bx May surgically remove if pt wants Cryoablation is an alternative (destroy tissue)

Galactorrhea- result of/ cause?

Hyperprolactinemia (meds or tumor)

Galactorrhea- signs and symptoms

Milky white discharge | Bilateral= CNS

Pathologic nipple discharge- types

Duct ectasia (duct itself- thicker walls) Intraductal papilloma (benign tumor in duct or bv) Carinoma

Pathologic nipple discharge - signs and symptoms

Unilateral- single duct Serous, bloody or serosanguineous (combo) Purulent w breast abscess

Pathologic nipple discharge- imaging/ tests

Cytology exam of nipple discharge rarely helpful bc negative does not rule out cancer U/S/ mammogram

Pathologic nipple discharge - what is considered diagnosis and treatment?

Surgical excision of involved duct

Lactation- breast milk contents

Right amount of fat, sugar, water, protein, and minerals needed for baby's grown and development Changes as baby grows to adapt to baby's needs Antibodies- that protect infants from certain illnesses

Lactation- breast changes in pregnancy

hormonal dependent growth- growth and branching of the ductal system and fat deposition - estrogen, prolactin, growth hormone, adrenal glucocorticoid, insulin

Lactation- let down reflex prolactin

Released by ant pit- stimulated by signals from nipple to hypothalamus mammary glands to start producing milk//milk secretion- stimulates colostrum

Lactation- let down reflex oxytocin

Released by ant pit- stimulated by signals from suckling or crying - stimulates smooth muscle contraction, helps eject milk- milk letdown from the mammary gland of the breast into the ductal system

Lactation- breast feeding recommendations

Breastfeeding first 6m followed by combo w complementary foods until 12m and continuation until desired