Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Breast > Breast Lumps and Physiological Changes > Flashcards

Breast Lumps and Physiological Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Are breast lumps a common presenting complaint?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is true of most breast lumps?

A

They are benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are breast lumps important psychologically?

A

They cause anxiety amongst patients due to risk of malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does NICE recommend referral for breast lumps?

A

Consideration for referral for all unexplained breast lumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the urgency of referral depend on with breast lumps?

A

Age and other features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How quickly do most breast clinics aim to see women referred with breast symptoms?

A

Within 2 weeks, whether referred under breast cancer pathway or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the features of a benign mass, broadly speaking?

A
  • 3D
  • Mobile and smooth
  • Regular borders
  • Solid or cystic in consistency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the features of a malignant mass, broadly speaking?

A
  • Firm in consistency
  • Irregular borders
  • May be fixed to underlying skin or soft tissue
  • May be skin changes or nipple retraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is it possible to make an accurate diagnosis on the basis of examination alone?

A

Not always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the result of it not always being possible to make an accurate diagnosis based on breast examination alone?

A

All unexplained lumps should be referred for assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can benign breast disease be divided in to histologically?

A

3 groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of the histological classification of benign breast disease?

A

Provides an idea regarding potential future cancer risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What histological classifications can benign breast disease be divided into?

A
  • Non-proliferative disorders
  • Proliferative disorders without atypixa
  • Atypical hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is non-proliferative breast disease linked with cancer?

A

It conveys no increased risk of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are proliferative disorders without atypica related to breast cancer?

A

Mild to moderate increased risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is atypical hyperplasia related to cancer?

A

There is a substantial increase in risk

17
Q

When do physiological changes in breast occur?

A
  • Puberty
  • During pregnancy
  • During menstural cycle
  • Menopause
18
Q

What is the first obvious sign of puberty in girls?

A

Breast enlargement

19
Q

How might breast buds initially appear?

A

Unilateral

20
Q

What is pubertal breast development known as?

A

Thelarche

21
Q

What is isolated premature thelarche?

A

Where breasts develop occur in girls <3 years

22
Q

What can happen to the breasts in isolated premature thelarche?

A

They can spontaneously regress

23
Q

What causes isolated premature thelarche?

A

Maternal oestrogen in the early months

24
Q

What happens to breast development following isolated premature thelarche?

A

There is fairly static breast development before true puberty eventually occurs at the normal time

25
Q

Is isolated premature thelarche a benign or malignant condition?

A

Benign

26
Q

What factors confirm a diagnosis of isolated premature thelarche?

A
  • Absence of other signs of puberty
  • Normal growth with appropriate bone age
  • Minimal increase in breast tissue over time
  • Appropriate uterine dimensions for age, with normal endometrial echo and no vaginal bleeding
27
Q

How is isolated premature thelarche managed?

A

Unless there are features of precocious puberty, e.g. premature pubic hair, then reassurance is the only management required

28
Q

How common is breast development in boys during puberty?

A

Very common, occuring in nearly half

29
Q

What happens over time when boys develop breasts during puberty?

A

It usually disappears on it’s own over a year or two

30
Q

What is a very common occurence in the premenstural phase?

A

Some degree of tenderness and nodularity

31
Q

What proportion of mensturating women experience cyclical mastalgia?

A

2/3

32
Q

What happens to cyclical mastalgia as menstruation starts?

A

It rapidly resolves

33
Q

What conditions should be excluded when a patient presents with suspected cyclical mastalgia?

A
  • Infection
  • Pregnancy
  • Malignancy
34
Q

What normal changes happen to the breast during pregnancy and breast-feeding?

A
  • Tenderness, discomfort, and pain
  • Increase in size
  • Areolar and nipple changes
  • Leaking of colostrum or milk
35
Q

What areolar and nipple changes may occur in pregnancy?

A
  • Darkening of colour
  • Enlargement of nipples
  • Enlargement of Montgomery glands on the areola
36
Q

What are the signs of pathology during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

A
  • Sore and cracked nipples
  • Thrush
  • Engorgement
37
Q
A

Breast (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions