Breast Cancer

Question 1

Benign BC in FNC

Answer 1

Flat Cell layers
Cohesive
Bipolar Nuclei

Question 2

Malignant BC in FNC

Answer 2

High Cellularity
Loss of Cohesion - crowding, overlapping
Pleomorphism (> 1 form; lobular, tubular)
Hyperchromosia (increased DNA content)

Question 3

FNA Cx

Answer 3

Pain
Haematoma
Pneumothorax
Infection

Question 4

Progesterone

Answer 4

Increase Vascularity
thickening of lining
Changes endometrium into decidua
Enlarge cells and pro-coagulant activity

Question 5

Where do you find trophoblast cells and what do they produce?

Answer 5

Chorion
Form the placenta
B-hCG

Question 6

Respiratory changes in pregnancy

Answer 6

O2 consumption and RR, tidal volume increase
plasma pH increases
FRC decreases

Question 7

Renal changes in pregnancy

Answer 7

GFR and renal plasma flow increases
Serum urea and creatinine decrease
24h protein urine increases (>protein excreted)

Question 8

Cardiac changes in pregnancy

Answer 8

HR and CO increase
plasma volume, RBC and WBC increase in mass

2nd Trimester BP drops

Haemoglobin, Platelets and Hematrocrit Decrease

Question 9

GI changes in pregnancy

Answer 9

GI motility and emptying decreases
oesophageal peristalsis decreases bc of increase in progesterone
cardia sphincter relaxess

Question 10

2nd Trimester BP drops because?

Answer 10

decrease in systemic vascular resistance
uteroplacental circulation expansion
decrease blood viscosity
decrease angiotensin sensitivity

Question 11

1st Trimester Screen

Answer 11

10-14weeks

b-hCG (molar pregn, twins)
pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) - Down
Nuchal translucency (fluid measurement)
Crown rump length (gestational age)

Question 12

when are neural tube defects visible?

Answer 12

15-2-weeks

AFP