Breast Cancer Flashcards
Mesoderm
- Filler in the middle
- Bone, muscle, fat, lymph, cartilage, bone marrow
Ectoderm
- Exposed layer to the environment
- Skin, GI, lungs, vagin, prostate, bladder, breast, ovary
Endoderm
- Glands
Benign Tumors
-Characteristics
- Slow growing w/ slow cell division
- Histologically mature cells that stick together
- Function as normal cells and produce hormones
- Can be removed and don’t grown back
- Generally don’t progress to malignancy
Benign Brest Problems
- Fibrocystic Changes
2. Fibroademona
Benign Brest Problems
-Fibrocystic Changes
- No increase cancer risk
- Most common in 35-50
- Hyperplasia of epithelial lining of ducts
- Accompanied by cyclic pain and tenderness
- Subside w/ menopause
Benign Brest Problems
-Fibroademona (Benign breast lumps) COMMON
- Small, painless, round mobile well defined masses
- Most common in young women 15-25 (dealing with IDENTITY)
- Address changes in body image - Rarely associated w/ cancer
Breast Cancer
-Statistics
- Most common cancer & most common malignancy in American women
- 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths
Breast Cancer
-Risk factors
- Age over 40 and women
- 1st degree relative w/ breast cancer
- Hormone use greater than 5 years
- Early menarche and late menopause
- 1st pregnancy after age 30
Breast Cancer
-Epithelium of Lobules Patho
- Lobular cancer in situ has a higher risk of invasive breast cancer
Breast Cancer
-Epithelial lining of Ducts Patho
- Ductal carcinoma in situ will progress to invasive cancer if untreated
Breast Cancer
-Inflammatory Breast Cancer Patho
- Generalized, fast-growing cancer
Breast Cancer
-Prophylactic Mastectomy
- Reduction of breast cancer risk by 90%
Breast Cancer
-Prophylactic Oophorectomy
- Should be considered in women who are no longer wanting children and who have the BRCA genes
- Reduces ovarian cancer by 50% and breast cancer by 90%
Breast Cancer
-Positive axillary nodes
- 50 to 75% chance of recurrence of cancer
Breast Cancer
-Positive Estrogen Receptors?
- Estrogen receptor positive most often metastasizes to the bone
Breast Cancer
-Negative Estrogen Receptor
- Estrogen receptor negative breast cancer generally metastasizes to:
- Soft Tissue… Brain, liver, lungs
Breast Cancer
-HER2
- If result is positive, this gene may be responsible for the rapidly cancerous growing cells
- Additional chemotherapy may be needed postoperatively
Age R/t Risk of Breast Cancer
- 1/2044 @ 20
- 1/249 @ 30
- 1/67 @ 40
- 1/36 @ 50
- 1/29 @ 60
Breast Cancer
-Risk Factors Ductal CA
- Combination of estrogen and progesterone increase risk
2. New evidence shows Progesterone may be bigger risk
Breast Cancer
-Manifestations
- Breast mass or thickening (non-moveable, non-tender)
- Unusual lump in the underarm (upper-outer quadrant)
- Persistent skin rash near nipple
- Flaking or eruption near nipple
- Dimpling, pulling, or retraction in breast area
- Nipple discharge
- Change in nipple position
- Burning, stinging, or pricking sensation
Breast Cancer
-Self Breast Exam
- Pg 109
Breast Cancer
-Drugs that inhibit Cancer
- Celebrex & Low Dose Aspirin (COX-2 Inhibitors)
- Encourage the breast and colon cancer cells to die - Drugs ending w/ “-nibs”
- Inhibit the enzymes required for cancer cells to grow
Breast Cancer
-Radical Mastectomy
- Removal of the entire affected breast, the underlying chest muscles, and the lymph nodes under the arms
Breast Cancer
-Simple Mastectomy
- Removal of the complete breast only
Breast Cancer
-Drugs
- Pt 866 ATI Book
Breast Cancer
-Cachexia Etiology
- Physical wasting from weight loss and loss of muscle mass from rapid growth and reproduction of cancer cells and their need for increased nutrients
Breast Cancer
-Cachexia Clinical Manifestations
- Weight loss, fatigue & weakness
- Loss of strength, Activity Intolerance
- Constipation
Breast Cancer
-Cachexia Clinical Therapies
- Nutritional counseling
- Increased caloric intake
- Periods of rest and activity
- Monitoring weight
- Monitor I&O
Breast Cancer
-Tamoxifen
- Oral medication that interferes w/ estrogen activity
2. Watch for development of DVT’s
Breast Cancer
-Herceptin
- Immunotherapy used to stop the growth of breast tumors that express the HER2 neuroreceptor
Breast Cancer
-Where do Carcinoma’s Arise?
- Carcinomas arise from the endodermal and ectodermal cells
Assessment of the Breasts
- Lumps
- Nipple Discharge & retraction
- Redness, pain or tenderness
- Dimpling of the skin
- Edema
- Menstrual Cycle relationship
Breast Cancer
-Avastin
- Clients who have metastatic cancer may receive a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor such as bevacizumab (Avastin)
Breast Cancer
-Leuprolide (Lupron)
- Inhibits estrogen synthesis
2. May be sued in premenopausal women to prevent growth of breast tumors
Breast Cancer
-Radiation Therapy
- Radiation therapy is usually reserved for clients who had a lumpectomy or breast-conserving procedure
