Breast and Thoracic Wall

Question 0

What is the posterior border of the superior thoracic aperature?

Answer 0

T1 vertebra

Question 1

What structures are contained in the superior thoracic aperature?

Answer 1

trachea, esophagus, vessels, and nerves

Question 2

What is the lateral border of the superior thoracic aperature?

Answer 2

first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages

Question 3

What is the anterior border of the superior thoracic aperature?

Answer 3

superior border of the manubrium

Question 4

What is considered the anatomical thoracic inlet?

Answer 4

superior thoracic aperature

Question 5

What is considered the anatomical thoracic outlet?

Answer 5

inferior thoracic aperature

Question 6

What is the posterior border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 6

T12 vertebra

Question 7

What is the posterolateral border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 7

11th and 12th pairs of ribs

Question 8

What is the anterolateral border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 8

joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10, forming the costal margin

Question 9

What is the anterior border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 9

xiphisternal joint

Question 10

What are the three types of ribs?

Answer 10

true (vertebrosternal), false (vertebrochondral), and floating (free)

Question 11

Which ribs are considered typical?

Answer 11

3-9

Question 12

What ribs are considered atypical?

Answer 12

1, 2, and 10-12

Question 13

What do costal cartilages do?

Answer 13

prolong the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall

Question 14

The intercostal spaces and neurovascular structures are named according to what?

Answer 14

the rib forming the superior border of the space

Question 15

Where is the subcostal space?

Answer 15

immediately below the 12th rib

Question 16

What is the classification of the intervertebral joint?

Answer 16

symphysis

Question 17

What is the classification of the costovertebral joint?

Answer 17

plane synovial

Question 18

What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?

Answer 18

plane synovial

Question 19

What is the classification of the sternocostal joint?

Answer 19

1st: synchondrosis

2nd-7th: plane synovial

Question 20

What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 20

saddle, synovial

Question 21

What is the classification of the costochondral joint?

Answer 21

synchondrosis

Question 22

What is the classification of the interchondral joint?

Answer 22

plane synovial

Question 23

What is the classification of the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 23

symphasis

Question 24

What is the classification of the xiphisternal joint?

Answer 24

synchondrosis

Question 25

During passive expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ____, decreasing ______, and increasing ______.

Answer 25

relax; intrathoracic volume; intrathoracic pressure

Question 26

What increases volume of the thorax?

Answer 26

inspiration

Question 27

What happens during expiration?

Answer 27

intra-abdominal pressure decreases and the abdominal viscera are decompressed

Question 28

From where does the base of the female breast extend?

Answer 28

transversly from the lateral border of the stenum to the anterior axillary line; vertically from the 2nd-6th ribs

Question 29

What do suspensory ligaments do?

Answer 29

firmly attach mammary glands to the dermis of overlying skin; help support mammary gland lobules

Question 30

What drains the mammary lobules?

Answer 30

lactiferous ducts

Question 31

What are the arteries of the breast?

Answer 31

medial mammary branches of perforating branches, anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery, mammary branches of lateral thoracic and thoraco-acromial arteries, and posterior intercostal arteries

Question 32

Posterior intercostal arteries branch from where?

Answer 32

thoracic aorta in the intercostal spaces

Question 33

What is the venous drainage of the breast?

Answer 33

mainly to the axillary vein, some to internal thoracic vein

Question 34

Why is lymphatic drainage of the breast important?

Answer 34

its role in the metastasis of cancer cells

Question 35

Most lymph, especially from the lateral quadrants of the breast, drain where?

Answer 35

axillary lymph nodes

Question 36

Lymph from the medial quadrants of the breast drain where?

Answer 36

parasternal lymph nodes

Question 37

Lymph from the inferior breast quadrants drain where?

Answer 37

abdominal lymph nodes

Question 38

Lymph from axillary nodes drain where?

Answer 38

subclavian lymphatic trunk

Question 39

Lymph from the parasternal nodes drain where?

Answer 39

bronchomediastinal trunks

Question 40

From where are nerves of the breast derived?

Answer 40

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th to 6th intercostal nerves

Question 41

What muscles may act as accessory muscles of respiration?

Answer 41

pectoralis major and minor, inferior part of the serratus anterior, and scalene muscles

Question 42

The superficial layer of intercostal space is formed by what?

Answer 42

external intercostal muscles (infero-anteriorly)

Question 43

The middle layer of intercostal space is formed by what?

Answer 43

internal intercostal muscles (inferoposteriorly)

Question 44

The deep layer of intercostal space is formed by what?

Answer 44

innermost intercostal muscles

Question 45

External intercostal muscles are replaced anteriorly by what?

Answer 45

external intercostal membranes

Question 46

What replaces internal intercostal muscles posteriorly?

Answer 46

internal intercostal membranes

Question 47

What forms intercostal nerves?

Answer 47

anterior rami of T1-T11

Question 48

What forms the subcostal nerves?

Answer 48

anterior rami of T12

Question 49

What do posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves innervate?

Answer 49

bones, joints, deep back muscles, and skin of the back in the thoracic region

Question 50

What nerves are considered typical intercostal nerves?

Answer 50

3rd-6th

Question 51

Where are the lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves found?

Answer 51

internal surface of the internal intercostal muscle

Question 52

Where are the anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves found?

Answer 52

passing between the costal cartilages and entering the subcutaneous tissue

Question 53

What nerves are considered atypical intercostal nerves?

Answer 53

1st and 2nd, and 7th-11th

Question 54

TRUE or FALSE? | Complete loss of sensation usually does not occur unless two or more intercostal nerves are anesthtized.

Answer 54

true

Question 55

What is the function of rami communicantes?

Answer 55

to connect each intercostal and subcostal nerve to the ipsilateral sympathetic trunk

Question 56

What supplies each intercostal space?

Answer 56

large posterior intercostal artery and a small pair of anterior intercostal arteries

Question 57

What makes up the intervertebral joint?

Answer 57

adjacent vertebral bodies bound together by intervertebral disc

Question 58

What makes up the costovertebral joint?

Answer 58

head of rib with superior demifacet or costal facet of corresponding vertebral body and inferior demifacet of vertebral body superior to it

Question 59

What makes up the costotransverse joint?

Answer 59

tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra

Question 60

What makes up the sternocostal joint?

Answer 60

1st: 1st costal cartilage with manubrium of sternum | 2nd-7th: 2nd-7th pairs of costal cartilages with sternum

Question 61

What makes up the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 61

sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and 1st costal cartilage

Question 62

What makes up the costochondral joint?

Answer 62

lateral end of costal cartilage with sternal end of rib

Question 63

What makes up the interchondral joint?

Answer 63

articulation between costal cartilages of 6th-7th, 7th-8th, and 8th-9th ribs

Question 64

What makes up the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 64

manubrium and body of sternum

Question 65

What make up the xiphisternal joint?

Answer 65

xiphoid process and body of sternum