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Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis > Breast and Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

Breast and Thoracic Wall Flashcards

0
Q

What is the posterior border of the superior thoracic aperature?

A

T1 vertebra

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1
Q

What structures are contained in the superior thoracic aperature?

A

trachea, esophagus, vessels, and nerves

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2
Q

What is the lateral border of the superior thoracic aperature?

A

first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages

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3
Q

What is the anterior border of the superior thoracic aperature?

A

superior border of the manubrium

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4
Q

What is considered the anatomical thoracic inlet?

A

superior thoracic aperature

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5
Q

What is considered the anatomical thoracic outlet?

A

inferior thoracic aperature

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6
Q

What is the posterior border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

T12 vertebra

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7
Q

What is the posterolateral border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

11th and 12th pairs of ribs

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8
Q

What is the anterolateral border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10, forming the costal margin

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9
Q

What is the anterior border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

xiphisternal joint

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10
Q

What are the three types of ribs?

A

true (vertebrosternal), false (vertebrochondral), and floating (free)

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11
Q

Which ribs are considered typical?

A

3-9

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12
Q

What ribs are considered atypical?

A

1, 2, and 10-12

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13
Q

What do costal cartilages do?

A

prolong the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall

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14
Q

The intercostal spaces and neurovascular structures are named according to what?

A

the rib forming the superior border of the space

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15
Q

Where is the subcostal space?

A

immediately below the 12th rib

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16
Q

What is the classification of the intervertebral joint?

A

symphysis

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17
Q

What is the classification of the costovertebral joint?

A

plane synovial

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18
Q

What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?

A

plane synovial

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19
Q

What is the classification of the sternocostal joint?

A

1st: synchondrosis

2nd-7th: plane synovial

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20
Q

What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

saddle, synovial

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21
Q

What is the classification of the costochondral joint?

A

synchondrosis

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22
Q

What is the classification of the interchondral joint?

A

plane synovial

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23
Q

What is the classification of the manubriosternal joint?

A

symphasis

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24
Q

What is the classification of the xiphisternal joint?

A

synchondrosis

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25
Q

During passive expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ____, decreasing ______, and increasing ______.

A

relax; intrathoracic volume; intrathoracic pressure

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26
Q

What increases volume of the thorax?

A

inspiration

27
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

intra-abdominal pressure decreases and the abdominal viscera are decompressed

28
Q

From where does the base of the female breast extend?

A

transversly from the lateral border of the stenum to the anterior axillary line; vertically from the 2nd-6th ribs

29
Q

What do suspensory ligaments do?

A

firmly attach mammary glands to the dermis of overlying skin; help support mammary gland lobules

30
Q

What drains the mammary lobules?

A

lactiferous ducts

31
Q

What are the arteries of the breast?

A

medial mammary branches of perforating branches, anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery, mammary branches of lateral thoracic and thoraco-acromial arteries, and posterior intercostal arteries

32
Q

Posterior intercostal arteries branch from where?

A

thoracic aorta in the intercostal spaces

33
Q

What is the venous drainage of the breast?

A

mainly to the axillary vein, some to internal thoracic vein

34
Q

Why is lymphatic drainage of the breast important?

A

its role in the metastasis of cancer cells

35
Q

Most lymph, especially from the lateral quadrants of the breast, drain where?

A

axillary lymph nodes

36
Q

Lymph from the medial quadrants of the breast drain where?

A

parasternal lymph nodes

37
Q

Lymph from the inferior breast quadrants drain where?

A

abdominal lymph nodes

38
Q

Lymph from axillary nodes drain where?

A

subclavian lymphatic trunk

39
Q

Lymph from the parasternal nodes drain where?

A

bronchomediastinal trunks

40
Q

From where are nerves of the breast derived?

A

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th to 6th intercostal nerves

41
Q

What muscles may act as accessory muscles of respiration?

A

pectoralis major and minor, inferior part of the serratus anterior, and scalene muscles

42
Q

The superficial layer of intercostal space is formed by what?

A

external intercostal muscles (infero-anteriorly)

43
Q

The middle layer of intercostal space is formed by what?

A

internal intercostal muscles (inferoposteriorly)

44
Q

The deep layer of intercostal space is formed by what?

A

innermost intercostal muscles

45
Q

External intercostal muscles are replaced anteriorly by what?

A

external intercostal membranes

46
Q

What replaces internal intercostal muscles posteriorly?

A

internal intercostal membranes

47
Q

What forms intercostal nerves?

A

anterior rami of T1-T11

48
Q

What forms the subcostal nerves?

A

anterior rami of T12

49
Q

What do posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves innervate?

A

bones, joints, deep back muscles, and skin of the back in the thoracic region

50
Q

What nerves are considered typical intercostal nerves?

A

3rd-6th

51
Q

Where are the lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves found?

A

internal surface of the internal intercostal muscle

52
Q

Where are the anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves found?

A

passing between the costal cartilages and entering the subcutaneous tissue

53
Q

What nerves are considered atypical intercostal nerves?

A

1st and 2nd, and 7th-11th

54
Q

TRUE or FALSE?

Complete loss of sensation usually does not occur unless two or more intercostal nerves are anesthtized.

A

true

55
Q

What is the function of rami communicantes?

A

to connect each intercostal and subcostal nerve to the ipsilateral sympathetic trunk

56
Q

What supplies each intercostal space?

A

large posterior intercostal artery and a small pair of anterior intercostal arteries

57
Q

What makes up the intervertebral joint?

A

adjacent vertebral bodies bound together by intervertebral disc

58
Q

What makes up the costovertebral joint?

A

head of rib with superior demifacet or costal facet of corresponding vertebral body and inferior demifacet of vertebral body superior to it

59
Q

What makes up the costotransverse joint?

A

tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra

60
Q

What makes up the sternocostal joint?

A

1st: 1st costal cartilage with manubrium of sternum

2nd-7th: 2nd-7th pairs of costal cartilages with sternum

61
Q

What makes up the sternoclavicular joint?

A

sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and 1st costal cartilage

62
Q

What makes up the costochondral joint?

A

lateral end of costal cartilage with sternal end of rib

63
Q

What makes up the interchondral joint?

A

articulation between costal cartilages of 6th-7th, 7th-8th, and 8th-9th ribs

64
Q

What makes up the manubriosternal joint?

A

manubrium and body of sternum

65
Q

What make up the xiphisternal joint?

A

xiphoid process and body of sternum

Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis (6 decks)

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