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SM 408 > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

1
Q

The breast is a modified

A

sweat gland from mammary ridges

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2
Q

The breast lies in the

A

subcutaneous tissue between the 2nd and 6th ribs

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3
Q

Medially the breast reaches

A

the lateral border of the sternum

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4
Q

Laterally the breast reaches

A

the posterior axillary line

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5
Q

The breast lies on

A

pectoralis major serratus anterior and pectoral fascia

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6
Q

The breast is divided

A

into four quadrants a central area and an axillary tail

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7
Q

The axillary tail is

A

a prolongation of breast tissue in the upper outer quadrant

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8
Q

The breast is formed

A

of 15 to 20 lobes each with a lactiferous duct

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9
Q

Each lobe is divided

A

into 20 to 40 lobules containing alveoli

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10
Q

Lobules are drained

A

by ductules into the lactiferous ducts

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11
Q

Cooper’s ligaments are

A

fibrous tissue ligaments supporting the breast

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12
Q

Cooper’s ligaments attach

A

radially from the pectoral fascia to the skin

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13
Q

The internal mammary artery

A

perforates the intercostal spaces to supply the breast

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14
Q

The lateral thoracic artery

A

is a branch of the axillary artery

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15
Q

The breast is drained

A

by the axillary internal mammary and intercostal veins

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16
Q

Intercostal veins communicate

A

with the vertebral venous plexus allowing metastasis

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17
Q

Breast lymphatics are divided

A

into intramammary and extramammary drainage

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18
Q

Intramammary lymphatics drain

A

into the subareolar lymphatic plexus of Sappy

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19
Q

Subareolar lymphatics drain

A

into the submammary pectoral lymphatic plexus

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20
Q

Peau d’orange occurs

A

due to infiltration of intramammary lymphatics by malignancy

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21
Q

Extramammary lymphatics drain

A

into axillary internal mammary and intercostal nodes

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22
Q

Axillary lymph nodes receive

A

75% of breast lymph drainage

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23
Q

Axillary lymph nodes contain

A

about 35 nodes

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24
Q

Axillary lymph nodes are

A

arranged into anterior posterior medial lateral central and apical groups

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25
Q

The apical group receives

A

lymph from all other axillary nodes

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26
Q

Axillary lymph nodes are classified

A

into three levels by the pectoralis minor muscle

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27
Q

Level I nodes are

A

below the lower border of pectoralis minor

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28
Q

Level II nodes are

A

behind pectoralis minor and include central nodes

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29
Q

Level III nodes are

A

above the upper border of pectoralis minor

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30
Q

Lymph passes inside the axilla

A

from level I to level II to level III

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31
Q

Axillary lymph node classification

A

is important for breast cancer prognosis

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32
Q

Negative axillary lymph nodes

A

indicate a better prognosis than positive nodes

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33
Q

Level I involvement

A

has a better prognosis than level II or III

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34
Q

Axillary lymph node involvement

A

requires chemotherapy after surgery

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35
Q
A
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36
Q

Acute lactational mastitis is

A

inflammation of breast tissue during lactation or late pregnancy

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37
Q

The main causative organism

A

is Staphylococcus aureus

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38
Q

Infection can spread

A

from the mouth of a suckling baby or through the blood

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39
Q

Predisposing factors include

A

nipple cracks milk engorgement and poor hygiene

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40
Q

The four stages of acute mastitis

A

are milk engorgement acute mastitis acute abscess and chronic abscess

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41
Q

Breast engorgement occurs

A

in lactating females with mild fever and breast heaviness

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42
Q

Breast engorgement signs include

A

diffuse enlargement mild tenderness and no acute inflammation

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43
Q

Breast engorgement investigations

A

show normal CBC and engorgement on ultrasound

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44
Q

Breast engorgement treatment

A

is conservative management

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45
Q

Acute mastitis symptoms include

A

severe pain redness and nipple discharge

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46
Q

Acute mastitis signs include

A

high fever severe tenderness and enlarged axillary nodes

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47
Q

Acute mastitis investigations

A

show raised WBCs and edema on ultrasound

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48
Q

Acute mastitis treatment

A

is conservative management

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49
Q
A
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50
Q

Acute breast abscess commonly occurs

A

in lactating females

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51
Q

Patients present with

A

severe throbbing breast pain of short duration

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52
Q

Acute breast abscess is associated with

A

high fever and increasing pain severity

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53
Q

Breast examination shows

A

localized redness pitting edema and severe tenderness

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54
Q

Fluctuation in acute breast abscess

A

might be difficult to elicit

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55
Q

Acute breast abscess may have

A

nipple discharge and tender axillary lymph nodes

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56
Q

Diagnostic needle aspiration

A

reveals pus in acute breast abscess

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57
Q

Breast ultrasound is used

A

in doubtful cases to detect pus

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58
Q

Routine lab tests are required

A

before surgery for acute breast abscess

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59
Q

Conservative treatment includes

A

antibiotics analgesics antipyretics and hot fomentation

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60
Q

Breastfeeding management includes

A

using the healthy breast and gradual emptying of the affected one

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61
Q

Needle aspiration under ultrasound

A

is safe and effective for small abscesses

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62
Q

Surgical incision and drainage

A

is required for breast abscess treatment

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63
Q

Early drainage is performed

A

without waiting for fluctuation

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64
Q

Surgical drainage is done

A

under general anesthesia with antibiotics

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65
Q

Incision is made

A

radially or circumferentially at the most pointing area

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66
Q

Sinus forceps is used

A

to break internal septa and aid drainage

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67
Q

A drain is placed

A

inside the cavity to remove remaining pus

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68
Q
A
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69
Q

Chronic breast abscess occurs

A

due to improper treatment of acute abscess

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70
Q

Improper antibiotic use or inadequate drainage

A

leads to chronic breast abscess

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71
Q

Sterile pus inside a chronic abscess

A

is called antibioma

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72
Q

Excessive fibrous tissue formation

A

causes breast thickening and firmness

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73
Q

History of acute abscess and low-grade fever

A

are symptoms of chronic breast abscess

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74
Q

A mild painful breast mass

A

is a common symptom of chronic breast abscess

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75
Q

Skin and nipple retraction

A

may occur due to fibrosis

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76
Q

A firm to hard breast mass

A

may be fixed within the breast or to the skin

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77
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

may be enlarged mild tender and firm

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78
Q

CBC in chronic breast abscess

A

shows leukocytosis

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79
Q

Breast ultrasound

A

confirms chronic abscess

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80
Q

Needle aspiration in chronic abscess

A

reveals little pus

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81
Q

Treatment of chronic breast abscess

A

is excision of the abscess with its fibrous wall

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82
Q

Duct ectasia is also called

A

plasma cell mastitis

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83
Q

Cause of duct ectasia

A

is unknown but possibly autoimmune

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84
Q

Chronic inflammation and plasma cell infiltration

A

cause duct dilatation and fibrosis

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85
Q

Duct ectasia leads to

A

stasis recurrent infection and discharge

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86
Q

Duct ectasia may be

A

asymptomatic

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87
Q

Nipple discharge in duct ectasia

A

may be unilateral or bilateral

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88
Q

Types of nipple discharge

A

include serous yellowish or brownish fluid

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89
Q

Nipple retraction in duct ectasia

A

occurs due to duct fibrosis

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90
Q

A firm breast mass in duct ectasia

A

occurs due to fibrosis

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91
Q

Recurrent inflammation or chronic abscess

A

may occur in duct ectasia

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92
Q

Nipple discharge in duct ectasia

A

may be evident or appear on squeezing

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93
Q

A retro-areolar firm mass

A

has restricted mobility and ill-defined edges

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94
Q

Duct ectasia may mimic

A

malignancy

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95
Q

Culture and sensitivity

A

is done from nipple discharge

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96
Q

Ultrasound and mammography

A

are used to exclude malignancy

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97
Q

Conservative treatment with antibiotics

A

is used in young females

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98
Q

Major duct excision

A

is done if conservative treatment fails

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99
Q

A circum-areolar incision

A

is made for major duct excision

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100
Q

Areolar skin flaps

A

are elevated during duct excision

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101
Q

Major ducts deep to the areola

A

are dissected and clamped

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102
Q

The whole ducts

A

are divided and ligated proximally

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103
Q

Closure after duct excision

A

is done with a drain

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104
Q
A
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105
Q

Fibrocystic disease is also called

A

fibroadenosis

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106
Q

The exact cause of fibroadenosis

A

is unknown

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107
Q

Fibroadenosis is thought to be due to

A

exaggeration of normal physiological breast changes

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108
Q

Fibrocystic disease can be

A

unilateral or bilateral

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109
Q

The upper lateral quadrant

A

is the most affected site in fibroadenosis

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110
Q

Adenosis in fibroadenosis

A

means increased number of breast alveoli

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111
Q

Epitheliosis in fibroadenosis

A

means hyperplasia of small duct epithelium

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112
Q

Fibrosis in fibroadenosis

A

means increased fibrous tissue around ducts and alveoli

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113
Q

Cyst formation in fibroadenosis

A

occurs due to duct obstruction by fibrosis

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114
Q

Fibrocystic disease is commonly

A

bilateral

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115
Q

Fibrocystic disease may be

A

asymptomatic and discovered accidentally

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116
Q

Painful nodularity

A

is the most common symptom of fibroadenosis

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117
Q

Breast pain in fibroadenosis

A

is more severe during menstruation

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118
Q

Nipple discharge in fibroadenosis

A

may be serous or brownish unilateral or bilateral

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119
Q

Fine nodularity of the breast

A

is a common finding in fibroadenosis

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120
Q

A cystic swelling

A

may be felt in fibroadenosis

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121
Q

Ultrasound and mammography

A

are done to exclude malignancy in old patients

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122
Q

Cysts in fibroadenosis

A

can be aspirated under ultrasound guidance

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123
Q

Suspicious nodules

A

require FNAC or Tru-cut biopsy

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124
Q

Reassurance

A

is the first step in fibroadenosis treatment

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125
Q

Large cysts or suspicious masses

A

require excision under general anesthesia

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126
Q

Analgesics

A

are used for cyclic pain in fibroadenosis

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127
Q

Prolactin inhibitors

A

may give good results in fibroadenosis treatment

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128
Q

Breast neoplasms can be

A

benign or malignant

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129
Q

Benign breast tumors include

A

duct papilloma and fibroadenoma

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130
Q

Malignant breast tumors include

A

duct carcinoma lobular carcinoma and Paget’s disease

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131
Q

Duct papilloma arises from

A

epithelium of major ducts near the nipple

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132
Q

The most common cause of nipple bleeding

A

is duct papilloma

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133
Q

Duct papilloma is common in

A

young females

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134
Q

Duct papilloma shows

A

hyperplasia of duct epithelium with a vascular core

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135
Q

A red nodule inside the duct

A

is a macroscopic feature of duct papilloma

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136
Q

The most common symptom of duct papilloma

A

is unilateral bleeding per nipple

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137
Q

A palpable mass in duct papilloma

A

is less common

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138
Q

Breast contour and skin

A

remain normal in duct papilloma

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139
Q

Squeezing the nipple in duct papilloma

A

reveals blood from one or more duct orifice

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140
Q

Retro-areolar swelling in duct papilloma

A

may be due to accumulated blood or a mass

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141
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

are not palpable in duct papilloma

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142
Q

Blood from the nipple

A

is sent for cytology and culture

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143
Q

Ductography in duct papilloma

A

may show a filling defect

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144
Q

Treatment of duct papilloma

A

is microdochectomy

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145
Q

Microdochectomy involves

A

excision of the affected duct under guidance

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146
Q

Fibroadenoma is

A

the most common breast tumor in young females

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147
Q

Fibroadenoma arises from

A

both fibrous and glandular tissue

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148
Q

The commonest type of fibroadenoma

A

is peri-canalicular (hard fibroadenoma)

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149
Q

Soft fibroadenoma is also called

A

intra-canalicular fibroadenoma

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150
Q

Hard fibroadenoma contains

A

excess fibrous tissue with little glandular tissue

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151
Q

Soft fibroadenoma contains

A

excess glandular tissue with little fibrous tissue

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152
Q

Fibroadenoma can be

A

solitary or multiple

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153
Q

Hard fibroadenoma is

A

very firm in consistency

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154
Q

Soft fibroadenoma is

A

less firm in consistency

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155
Q

Fibroadenoma is well capsulated

A

with a true and a false capsule

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156
Q

Fibroadenoma is freely mobile

A

and not attached to skin or surrounding structures

157
Q

On cut section fibroadenoma

A

is whitish in color

158
Q

A painless lump in the breast

A

is a common symptom of fibroadenoma

159
Q

Fibroadenoma is called a breast mouse

A

due to its mobility

160
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

are not palpable in fibroadenoma

161
Q

Fibroadenoma is mainly diagnosed

A

clinically

162
Q

Ultrasound

A

is used to evaluate fibroadenoma and detect other masses

163
Q

Mammography in fibroadenoma

A

is done for cancer screening in older females

164
Q

Benign mass criteria in fibroadenoma

A

include well-defined capsule and no malignancy signs

165
Q

Fibroadenoma treatment includes

A

excision and histopathology

166
Q

Phyllodes tumor resembles

A

a large malignant sarcoma

167
Q

Phyllodes tumor shows

A

a leaf-like pattern when sectioned

168
Q

Phyllodes tumor can have

A

epithelial cyst-like spaces microscopically

169
Q

A small phyllodes tumor

A

shows rapid growth

170
Q

A huge phyllodes tumor

A

may ulcerate but does not attach to skin

171
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

are not involved in phyllodes tumor

172
Q

Phyllodes tumor is investigated

A

like fibroadenoma

173
Q

Treatment of phyllodes tumor

A

is complete excision with histopathology

174
Q

Wide local excision

A

is required for phyllodes tumors

175
Q

Large phyllodes tumors

A

may require breast reconstruction

176
Q

Recent studies suggest

A

phyllodes tumors may turn malignant

178
Q

Breast cancer

A

is the most common cancer in women

179
Q

The incidence of breast cancer

A

increases with age

180
Q

The median age for breast cancer

A

is 60 years

181
Q

5-10% of breast cancers

A

have an autosomal inheritance pattern

182
Q

Family history of breast cancer

A

increases the risk

183
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

A

account for 4% of all breast cancers

184
Q

P53 suppressor gene

A

is involved in breast cancer development

185
Q

Breast cancer risk increases

A

after menopause

186
Q

Nulliparous women

A

have a higher breast cancer risk

187
Q

A longer time between menarche and first pregnancy

A

increases breast cancer risk

188
Q

Obesity increases breast cancer risk

A

due to conversion of steroids to estradiol

189
Q

Pre-cancerous breast lesions

A

include duct papilloma and duct hyperplasia

190
Q

Duct carcinoma

A

arises from duct epithelium

191
Q

Duct carcinoma in-situ

A

is a non-invasive breast cancer

192
Q

Invasive duct carcinoma

A

is the most common type of breast cancer

193
Q

Lobular carcinoma

A

arises from breast lobules and is often multicentric

194
Q

Lobular carcinoma in-situ

A

is non-invasive and multi-centric

195
Q

Invasive lobular carcinoma

A

crosses the basement membrane

196
Q

Paget’s disease of the nipple

A

is an intra-duct carcinoma

197
Q

Paget’s disease spreads

A

from the ducts to the nipple and deeper breast tissue

198
Q

Microscopically Paget’s disease

A

shows Paget cells and round cell infiltration

199
Q

The most common site of breast cancer

A

is the upper outer quadrant

200
Q

Schirrhus carcinoma

A

is the most common type of breast cancer

201
Q

Schirrhus carcinoma is hard

A

due to increased fibrous tissue

202
Q

Schirrhus carcinoma is

A

grayish-white with a concave cut surface

203
Q

Encephaloid carcinoma

A

is larger and softer than schirrhus carcinoma

204
Q

Inflammatory carcinoma

A

is the most malignant type of breast cancer

205
Q

Inflammatory carcinoma resembles

A

severe mastitis

206
Q

Inflammatory carcinoma

A

is common in pregnancy

207
Q

Paget’s disease may present

A

with nipple erosion or an underlying mass

208
Q

Breast cancer spreads locally

A

by increasing in size and fixation

209
Q

Fixation to Cooper’s ligaments

A

causes skin dimpling

210
Q

Infiltration of major ducts

A

causes nipple retraction

211
Q

Infiltration to the skin

A

leads to nodules and ulceration

212
Q

Cancer en cuirass

A

is dense skin infiltration with multiple nodules

213
Q

Peau d’orange

A

results from intra-mammary lymphatic obstruction

214
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

are the most common site of lymphatic spread

215
Q

Lymph node spread

A

follows level I then II then III

216
Q

Lymph node involvement

A

worsens prognosis

217
Q

Lymph node-negative patients

A

have a better prognosis than lymph node-positive patients

218
Q

Lymph node-positive patients

A

need chemotherapy and radiotherapy

219
Q

Internal mammary lymph nodes

A

are less commonly affected

220
Q

Breast cancer spreads through blood

A

to bones liver brain and lungs

221
Q

The most common blood spread site

A

is bones including lumbar vertebrae ribs and femur

223
Q

Female patient with breast cancer

A

usually presents with a breast lump

224
Q

Breast lump may be

A

accidentally discovered painless or cause stitching pain

225
Q

Breast cancer may present

A

with or without skin manifestations

226
Q

Axillary lymph node involvement

A

may present as an axillary lump

227
Q

Inflammatory carcinoma

A

presents with painful breast swelling

228
Q

Bleeding per nipple

A

may indicate underlying malignancy

229
Q

Nipple ulceration or retraction

A

can be a sign of breast cancer

230
Q

Blood metastases may present

A

with localized bone pain or pathological fracture

231
Q

Breast cancer inspection includes

A

assessing size symmetry skin nipples areolae and masses

232
Q

Asymmetrical breast enlargement

A

may indicate malignancy

233
Q

Nipple retraction erosion or dimpling

A

are suspicious signs of breast cancer

234
Q

Peau d’orange

A

is mainly seen in the lower breast

235
Q

Skin nodules or visible masses

A

may indicate advanced breast cancer

236
Q

A malignant breast mass

A

is hard in consistency

237
Q

A malignant breast mass

A

may be fixed to the skin pectoral fascia or breast tissue

238
Q

Malignant breast masses

A

have ill-defined edges and irregular outlines

239
Q

Axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes

A

are hard enlarged and fixed if involved

241
Q

Paget’s disease

A

accounts for 1% of breast cancers

242
Q

Paget’s disease may present

A

with pricking pain in the nipple

243
Q

Paget’s disease may mimic

A

eczema of the nipple

244
Q

Paget’s disease usually

A

has no palpable mass

245
Q

Paget’s disease is

A

unilateral with well-defined edges

246
Q

Paget’s disease shows

A

nipple erosion with no itching oozing or vesicles

247
Q

Paget’s disease does not

A

respond to anti-allergic treatment

248
Q

Eczema is usually

A

bilateral with ill-defined edges

249
Q

Eczema presents

A

with itching oozing and vesicles

250
Q

Eczema does not

A

cause nipple erosion

251
Q

Eczema responds

A

to anti-allergic treatment

252
Q

Eczema does not

A

present with an underlying mass

253
Q

Investigations for breast cancer

A

should be done in any female with a suspicious lump

254
Q

Triple assessment includes

A

radiological pathological and laboratory evaluation

255
Q

Bilateral mammography

A

is a plain X-ray taken in two views

256
Q

Mammography detects

A

microcalcifications hyperdensity and irregular outlines

257
Q

Mammography can identify

A

occult masses and enlarged axillary lymph nodes

258
Q

Breast ultrasound

A

helps determine lump size site and number

259
Q

Ultrasound distinguishes

A

between cystic and solid masses

260
Q

BIRADS category

A

classifies breast imaging results

261
Q

MRI is the most

A

accurate but expensive imaging modality

262
Q

MRI is useful

A

in young patients with dense breasts

263
Q

MRI malignant features

A

include irregular hyperdense hypervascular masses

264
Q

Radiological staging includes

A

abdominal ultrasound bone scans PET scan and chest X-ray

265
Q

Pathological diagnosis

A

is essential for confirming malignancy

266
Q

Fine needle aspiration cytology

A

examines cells but cannot determine invasiveness

267
Q

Tru-cut needle biopsy

A

removes a core of tissue for more accuracy

268
Q

Excision biopsy

A

removes the mass for histopathological evaluation

269
Q

Frozen section biopsy

A

provides immediate results during surgery

270
Q

Hormone receptor testing

A

includes estrogen progesterone and HER2/neu receptors

271
Q

Triple-negative breast cancer

A

lacks ER PR and HER2 receptors

272
Q

HER2 overexpression

A

is linked to more aggressive tumors

273
Q

Sentinel lymph node biopsy

A

assesses the first lymph node in drainage pathway

274
Q

Sentinel lymph node biopsy

A

helps decide the need for axillary dissection

275
Q

Laboratory tests include

A

routine pre-operative blood tests

276
Q

Tumor marker CA 15-3

A

is used for monitoring treatment and recurrence

277
Q

CEA tumor marker

A

is less commonly used in breast cancer

278
Q

TNM staging system

A

is the most commonly used classification

279
Q

Tis stage

A

indicates carcinoma in situ or Paget’s disease

280
Q

T1 stage

A

refers to tumors 2 cm or smaller

281
Q

T2 stage

A

refers to tumors larger than 2 cm but less than 5 cm

282
Q

T3 stage

A

includes tumors larger than 5 cm

283
Q

T4 stage

A

includes tumors of any size with skin or pectoral fixation

284
Q

N0 stage

A

indicates no palpable lymph nodes

285
Q

N1 stage

A

includes mobile lymph nodes in the axilla

286
Q

N2 stage

A

includes fixed axillary lymph nodes

287
Q

N3 stage

A

involves palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes

288
Q

M0 stage

A

means no distant metastases

289
Q

M1 stage

A

indicates metastases in distant organs

290
Q

Stage I

A

includes T1 N0

291
Q

Stage IIa

A

includes T1 N1 T2 N0 and T0 N1

292
Q

Stage IIb

A

includes T2 N1 and T3 N0

293
Q

Stage III

A

includes any N2 or any T3 except T3 N0

294
Q

Stage IV

A

includes any N3 any T4 or any M1

295
Q

Early-stage breast cancer

A

includes T2 N1 M0 or less

296
Q

Late-stage breast cancer

A

is any stage beyond T2 N1 M0

297
Q

Manchester Stage I

A

includes a mobile tumor with free axilla

298
Q

Manchester Stage II

A

includes a mobile tumor with mobile lymph nodes

299
Q

Manchester Stage III

A

includes a fixed tumor with fixed lymph nodes

300
Q

Manchester Stage IV

A

includes metastatic disease with enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes

301
Q

Stages I and II

A

are considered early breast cancer

302
Q

Stages III and IV

A

are considered late breast cancer

303
Q

Prognosis worsens

A

with increasing age and pregnancy

304
Q

Mastitis carcinomatosis

A

is associated with a poor prognosis

305
Q

Poorly differentiated tumors

A

have the worst prognosis

306
Q

Positive lymph nodes

A

indicate a worse prognosis than negative lymph nodes

307
Q

Advanced tumor stage

A

is associated with a worse prognosis

308
Q

ER/PR-positive tumors

A

have a better prognosis than ER/PR-negative tumors

309
Q

Lymph node score

A

is based on the number of affected lymph nodes

310
Q

Tumor grade

A

is scored from 1 to 3

311
Q

Tumor size

A

is calculated as size in cm multiplied by 0.2

312
Q

Excellent prognosis

A

is indicated by a score of ≤ 2.4 with a 94% five-year survival rate

313
Q

Good prognosis

A

is indicated by a score of ≤ 3.4 with an 83% five-year survival rate

314
Q

Moderate prognosis

A

is indicated by a score of 4.4 to 5.5 with a 30–70% survival rate

315
Q

Poor prognosis

A

is indicated by a score > 5.5 with a 20% survival rate

316
Q

Early-stage breast cancer

A

includes T2 N1 M0 or Stage I and II

317
Q

The goal of treatment

A

is to cure and prevent metastasis

318
Q

Surgical options

A

include conservative breast surgery and modified radical mastectomy

319
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

includes radiotherapy chemotherapy and anti-estrogen therapy

320
Q

Neoadjuvant therapy

A

involves preoperative radio or chemotherapy

321
Q

Conservative breast surgery

A

is indicated for early-stage breast cancer

322
Q

Tumor size for CBS

A

should be 5 cm or less

323
Q

CBS is not suitable

A

for centrally located or lobular carcinomas

324
Q

Adequate breast size

A

is required for CBS

325
Q

Patient compliance

A

is necessary for CBS follow-up

326
Q

Radiotherapy facilities

A

must be available for CBS

327
Q

Wide local excision

A

involves tumor removal with a safety margin

328
Q

TART surgery

A

includes tumorectomy axillary clearance and radiotherapy

329
Q

QUART surgery

A

includes quadrantectomy axillary clearance and radiotherapy

330
Q

Modified radical mastectomy

A

is an option for early-stage breast cancer patients unsuitable for CBS

331
Q

Large tumor relative to breast size

A

is an indication for modified radical mastectomy

332
Q

Extensive mammographic calcifications

A

require modified radical mastectomy

333
Q

Multicentric disease

A

is an indication for modified radical mastectomy

334
Q

Poorly differentiated tumors

A

require modified radical mastectomy

335
Q

Postoperative radiotherapy contraindications

A

may require mastectomy

336
Q

Patient preference

A

is a reason for choosing mastectomy

337
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

reduces recurrence and metastasis risk

338
Q

Radiotherapy

A

is used postoperatively in breast cancer treatment

339
Q

Chemotherapy

A

is used in patients with positive axillary lymph nodes

340
Q

Common chemotherapy drugs

A

include 5-Fluorouracil Cyclophosphamide and Methotrexate

341
Q

Tamoxifen

A

is used for ER-positive patients at 20 mg/day for five years

342
Q

Adjuvant therapy planning

A

depends on tumor size lymph node status and hormone receptor status

343
Q

Tumor <1 cm

A

requires no chemotherapy but may need tamoxifen

344
Q

Tumor >1 cm

A

requires combination chemotherapy and tamoxifen

345
Q

Node-positive tumors

A

require both chemotherapy and tamoxifen

346
Q

In advanced breast cancer

A

Stages III and IV require neo-adjuvant therapy for down-staging followed by surgery

347
Q

Palliative mastectomy

A

is performed as a simple mastectomy in locally advanced cases

348
Q

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy

A

are used for palliative purposes in advanced breast cancer

349
Q

Favorable prognosis in breast cancer

A

includes early-stage disease and negative axillary lymph nodes

350
Q

No blood metastases

A

indicate a better breast cancer prognosis

351
Q

Estrogen receptor-positive tumors

A

have a better prognosis as they respond to anti-estrogens

352
Q

Well-differentiated tumors

A

have a better prognosis than undifferentiated tumors

353
Q

Differential diagnosis of a hard breast lump

A

includes breast cancer and organized hematoma with trauma history

354
Q

Hard fibroadenoma

A

is a differential diagnosis often in young patients with a freely mobile lump

355
Q

Tuberculosis of the breast

A

can cause a hard lump with calcification and a history of TB

356
Q

Duct ectasia

A

can form a hard mass due to dense fibrosis with a history of long-term nipple discharge

357
Q

Chronic abscess and antibioma

A

can present as a hard lump in the breast

358
Q

Traumatic fat necrosis

A

is a possible differential diagnosis of a hard breast lump

359
Q

Causes of nipple bleeding

A

include trauma and duct papilloma

360
Q

Duct ectasia and duct carcinoma

A

can cause nipple bleeding

361
Q

Fibroadenosis

A

causes serous nipple discharge

362
Q

Duct ectasia

A

causes yellowish or brownish creamy nipple discharge

363
Q

Breast abscess

A

causes purulent nipple discharge

364
Q

Galactorrhea

A

causes milk secretion from the nipple

365
Q

Massive unilateral breast swelling

A

can be caused by a phylloides tumor

366
Q

Diffuse hypertrophy

A

is a possible cause of massive unilateral breast swelling

367
Q

Giant fibroadenoma

A

can cause massive unilateral swelling of the breast

368
Q

Gynecomastia

A

is an enlargement of male breast tissue due to hormonal imbalance

369
Q

Common causes of gynecomastia

A

include idiopathic origin and obesity

370
Q

Testicular or adrenal tumors

A

can lead to gynecomastia

371
Q

Liver disease and hyperthyroidism

A

can contribute to gynecomastia

372
Q

Hypogonadism and kidney failure

A

are possible causes of gynecomastia

373
Q

Certain drugs

A

can cause gynecomastia including anabolic steroids and estrogens

374
Q

Finasteride and spironolactone

A

can contribute to gynecomastia development

375
Q

Cimetidine and diazepam

A

are medications that may cause gynecomastia

376
Q

Metronidazole and digoxin

A

are drugs associated with gynecomastia

377
Q

Gynecomastia can occur

A

at birth due to retained maternal hormones

378
Q

Puberty

A

is a common time for gynecomastia due to hormonal imbalance

379
Q

Gynecomastia in adults

A

can be caused by various medical conditions or medications

380
Q

Clinical features of gynecomastia

A

include excess localized breast fat and glandular tissue development

381
Q

Retroareolar discoid firm tissue

A

is characteristic of gynecomastia

382
Q

Gynecomastia

A

may involve excess breast skin and can be unilateral or bilateral

383
Q

Gynecomastia diagnosis

A

requires history and clinical examination

384
Q

Radiological tests

A

like ultrasound and mammography are used in suspicious cases

385
Q

Hormonal assessment

A

is done through laboratory investigations

386
Q

Mild gynecomastia

A

is managed with follow-up and observation

387
Q

Marked gynecomastia

A

may require treatment for cosmetic purposes

388
Q

Liposuction

A

is used for gynecomastia due to excess fatty tissue

389
Q

Excision surgery

A

is recommended for glandular tissue removal or excess skin correction

SM 408 (15 decks)

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