Breadth Study 1 - Changes in governance at the centre

Question 1

Who were the monarchs in the tudor period (Government and administration) (5)

Answer 1

-Henry VII = 1485-1509
-Henry VIII = 1509-1547
-Edward VI = 1547-1553
-Mary I = 1553-1558
-Elizabeth I = 1558-1603

Question 2

What could/couldn’t the tudor monarch do (Government and administration) (5,5)

Answer 2

+Could summon/dissolve parliament at their will
+They could make laws
+They could act as the protector/enforcers of the lanws
+Could decide whether to make peace or go to war
+Could choose their councillers

-They could not ignore/break the law
-They had to deal with the papal power struggle
-They had to ask parliament for money, to finance their ventures
-They had to seek the suport of their subjects, parliament and population
-Laws had to be passed through parliament

Question 3

What was the hierachy of tudor society (Government and administration) (7)

Answer 3

-God
-Monarch
-Nobility = 40-60 families who controlled local armies/lands
-Gentry = 5,000 families who were landowners of small estates
-Yeomen/Artisans = around 60,000 who were prosperous farmers/skilled craftsmen
-Peasants = majority of population
-Vagrants/Beggars

(1500 population = 2 million, 1600 population = 4 million)

Question 4

What was the catholic church hierachy (Crown, church and parliament) (6)

Answer 4

-Pope
-Cardinal
-Archbishop of Canterbury
-Archbishop of York
-Bishops
-Priest

Question 5

Who were the royal court and council (Government and administration) (4,4)

Answer 5

Royal Court:
-There to serve the monarch
-Important for display/entertainment, and informal source of power
-Important to emphasise the monarchs wealth/power when foreign visitors arrived
-If you wanted wealth/power/networking, you would attend the royal court in search of patronage

Royal council:
-A more formal body which existed to advise the monarch with the day to day running of the country
-The monarch could appoint their councillors, and it was in the monarchs best interest to follow the advice of their council
-Could act as a judicial court in high profile legal cases
-Could be divided on faction/political importance depending on the monarch

Question 6

What were significant sections of the royal household (Government and administration) (4)

Answer 6

-Great Hall = Used for great feasts and banquets, used to show off the monarchs wealth/power
-Guard Room = stopped people from the great hall getting into the Kings private area (presence chamber and privy chamber)
-Presence Chamber = Kings more private dining hall, used for networking
-Privy Chamber = Most important chamber, where the privy council worked, where the political influences are

Question 7

What was the royal household and the Eltham ordinances (Government and administration) (4,2)

Answer 7

-The royal household was where the monarch lived, and was responsible for their domestic needs
-The royal household consisted of the lower area, where the servants worked in the kitchens and gardens, and the upper area, where the monarch lived and monarched (privy chamber)
-The privy chamber was staffed by trusted nobility/gentry, and became the focus of political influence/power
-The royal household and government became strongly linked under Henry VIII, as many household members were appointed to influential positions in government

-In 1526, Wolsey tried to reform the royal household with the Eltham Ordinances, as the household had become too powerful/expensive
-Wolsey proposed a council of 20 ministers to advise the king

Question 8

How did the royal household change under Edward (Government and administration) (4)

Answer 8

-Since Edward was a child, his royal household was filled with nobility who governed on his behalf, attempting to influence him/control royal patronage, including the duke of Somerset and duke of Northumberland
-Sir John Gates was a powerful man since he was the groomer of the stool, and hence was able to control access to the king
-John Gates supported Northumberland’s coup in 1549 to oust Somerset from power
-John Gates fell from power when supporting the coup to put lady Jane Grey on the throne, Mary I executing him

Question 9

How did the royal household change under Mary and Elizabeth (Government and administration) (5)

Answer 9

-The privy chamber changed since it was staffed by large numbers of women, who usually couldn’t hold government office
-Many of Mary’s/Elizabeth’s attendants were married to courtiers, who could influence the monarch through their wives
-Under Elizabeth, the privy chamber changed radically, as the women couldn’t be faction leaders, so their first loyalties would be the queen
-Many men complained about the ‘babbling women’, Sir Walter Raleigh complaining the ladies of the privy council were “capable of doing great harm but no good”
-During Elizabeth, the political importance of the household declined, as matters of state were increasingly discussed outside it, mainly in the privy council

Question 10

How did Henry VII/Henry VIII use the privy chamber (Government and administration) (3),(2,3))

Answer 10

Henry VII
-Henry VII used the chamber to restrict access to the monarch, using the yeomen of the guard
-Henry VII also used the chamber to store/collect money, in order to have readily available access to finance
-The system of chamber finance, however, did not continue after Henry VII, as it required the monarchs effort/time/inclination, something none of the future monarchs had

Henry VIII
-Under Henry VIII, the privy chamber grew into a political hub, the positions filled by the gentleman of the privy filled with Henry’s most trusted friends
-Because of their intimate/daily physical contact, they were servants and also advisors, who were employed in more formal areas of government

-Access to the monarch was a route to power and influence, and meant control of the dry stamp
-The dry stamp allowed you to put the kings signature to documents quickly
-Edward Seymours faction used the stamp to alter the kings will in their favour in 1547

Question 11

What were the strengths and weaknesses of pre-reformation church (Crown, church and parliament) (5,5)

Answer 11

-Rich, the most powerful landowner in England
-Popular, and people frequently left money in their wills
-Was necessary for the everyday life of people (alms & care for the sick and poor, marriage, baptisms)
-The main source of education and teaching in England
-Gave young boys from humble backgrounds a chance to get an education, go uni and have a successful church career

-Discontent against the church was known as anticlericalism
-Many accused the church of corruption, and indulgences were seen as exploiting peoples fears
-Latin services and bibles in latin meant most people didn’t understand them
-Criticised for the wealth and power of the clergy
-Criticised for pluralism, as clergy with multiple posts had little contact with most people

Question 12

What were the beliefs and teachings of/the relationship between state and pre reformation church (Crown, church and parliament) (2,4)

Answer 12

-Heaven, hell and purgatory were all real places which you would go to in the afterlife depending on how you lived
-The miracle of transubstantiation

-Relations between the state and church were mostly harmonious, although tensions arose over power and privileges like sanctuary and benefit of the clergy
-Henry VII needed support from the church, equating to support from God for his victory of Bosworth and defeat of Richard III
-Henry VII and the pope had a harmonious relationship, portrayed by the pope appointing John Morton, Henry’s recommendation, to the archbishop of canterbury
-Some problems arose from papal intervention in england, Henry seeing this as treading on his power

Question 13

What were the seven catholic sacraments (Crown, church and parliament) (7)

Answer 13

-Baptism = first initation to the faith
-Confirmation = confirms & strengthens commitment to the faith
-Eucharist = partaking of the body/blood of Jesus to participate in sacrifice
-Reconciliation = spiritual healing from the distance resulting from sinning
-Marriage = to give grace needed for holy union & responsive upbringing of children
-Holy orders = when a man is made bishop, priest or deacon
-Anointing the sick/last rights = healing the sick/final confession

Question 14

What were some examples of harmony/tension between the state and pre reformation church (Crown, church and parliament) (3,6)

Answer 14

-John Morton: Henry VII’s pick appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1486
-Assertio Septem Sacramentorum: Henry VIII’s pro catholic book (defence of the seven sacrements)
-Thomas Wolsey: Appointed cardinal in 1515, and got on well with both the pope and Henry VIII

-Sanctuary: Henry VII claimed sanctuary (40 days protection in church) could be overruled if the criminal committed treason
-Benefit of the clergy: Church vs State courts, parliament passed an act in 1512 limiting BoC (church men tried in nicer no execution courts)
-Hunne affair: In December 1514 a rich merchant in the Bishop of London’s jail was either murdered by the church or committed suicide
-Papal intervention: Papal intervention in England disliked by kings, saw it as an invasion of their powers
-Thomas Wolsey: By 1527, found it hard to mediate between Henry VIII and the pope, and his strong position in both reduced the church-state separation
-Anticlericalism: dislike/criticism of the church and clergy (indulgences, corruption), sometimes in parliament

Question 15

What were some examples of harmony/tension between the state and church just before reformation (Crown, church and parliament) (3,2)

Answer 15

-Henry did not challenge the fundamental doctrines and practices of the catholic church
-Many, such as ABoC John Morton (1486-1500) dedicated themselves to positive informal reform
-Many abuses had existed for centuries, no reason for a sudden collapse in feelings

-Henry was content to use anti-clerical sentiments and radical bishops as a means of crushing the legal power of the church and pope
-Anti-clericalism was probably greater in the south east than the rest of england, discontent heightened by issues as the Hunne affair

Question 16

What did Henry VIII want an annulment, why didn’t he get it from the pope, and how did he get it (Crown, church and parliament) (2,2,2)

Answer 16

-Henry wanted to challenge the legality of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
-He believed God punished him for marrying his dead brothers wife by not giving him a son, so he wanted out

-The pope, Clement VII, was under control of Catherines nephew, Charles (holy roman empire and king of spain), so couldn’t give Henry the annullment
-Catholicism also didn’t allow it, and Wolsey fell from power and as such couldn’t help

-It was Thomas Cromwell who found the solution, by using parliament to break from papal control, and put Henry as head of the church
-This allowed Henry to declare his marriage with catherine illegitimate, allowing him to have kids with Anne Boleyn

Question 17

How did Thomas Cromwell/Henry VIII create royal supremacy (Crown, church and parliament) (1,3,2,4)

Answer 17

-From 1532, Thomas Cromwell was Henry’s chief minister, in charge of getting an annulment

-In 1532, Parliament passed the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates
-Cromwell also took advantage of parliaments anti-clericalism to pass the submission of the clergy
-These early acts restricted the legal and financial power of the church

-In 1533, efforts sped up, as Anne was pregnant, leading to the Act in Restraint of appeals
-Cromwell used the term ‘imperial kingship’, to argue the king had no superior other than God, so the pope shouldn’t have such a role, and parliamentary law represented England

-The 1534 act of supremacy confirmed Henry VIII as head of the English church under law
-This was significant since although power was given from God, this power being in law meant Henry could punish people who disobeyed the law
-This was not significant, as Henry had effectively been head of the church for a year by then
-As a result, the finances, administration, doctrine and legal powers of the church were controlled by Henry

Question 18

What was the vicegerent in spirituals (Crown, church and parliament) (1,2,1)

Answer 18

-In 1535, Henry appointed Thomas Cromwell to be the Vicegerent in Spirituals

-This gave Cromwell enourmous power over the church
-Cromwell was now able to create structural/doctrinal changes to the church

-Cromwell appointed many new bishops, such as Hugh Latimer, and started a propaganda campaign in support of the supremacy through preaching in church

Question 19

What were some events/legislation from 1531-1533 in the break from rome (Crown, church and parliament) (8)

Answer 19

-1531: Clergy charged with praemunire (abuse of power) and forced to pay £118,000, and Henry insisted on being called the ‘sole protector and supreme head of the english church’
-March 1532: Act in conditional restraint of annates abolished annates (bishops’ payments to rome),
-May 1532: Submission of the clergy meant convocation (meetings) could only occur with the kings permission, Canon (church) laws had to be approved by the king, and could be removed by Henry if they undermimed him
-August 1532: Archbishop of Canterbury Warham died, replaced by Henry’s friend Thomas Cramner
-December 1532: Anne Boleyn falls pregnant
-February 1533:Act in restraint of appeals ended all appeals to rome and ordered them to go to English churrches. All matters involving the king (marriage) would be heard by the ABoC
-May 1533: Henry’s marriage to catherine declared illegal, popes dispensation declared invalid
-1533: Pope Clement VII excommunicated Henry VIII

Question 20

What were some events/legislation from 1534-35 in the break from rome (Crown, church and parliament) (7)

Answer 20

-January 1534: Act of dispensations stopped all payments to Rome and stated exemptions from canon law would be issued by the Archbishop of Canterbury, not Rome
-March 1534: Act of succession registered the validity of Henry’s marriage and kids with Anne, and invalidity of Catherines, and made it treason to speak badly on Henry’s marriage. Pope responded by reaffirming Henry and Catherine
-November 1534: Act of supremacy gave Henry complete administrative and legislative control over the church
-December 1534: Treason act made it a capital offence to be a heretic, slander the supremacy, marriage, or Henry’s new title
-December 1534: Act of first fruits and tenths meant new benefice holders would pay 1 years income +10% annual pay to the crown, and meant that church taxes weant to the crown, not pope
-January 1535: Cromwell made Vicegerent in spirituals
-January 1535: Valor Ecclesiasticus, cromwells survey into monastery finances and conditions started

Question 21

What were some events/legislation from 1536-39 (Crown, church and parliament) (7)

Answer 21

-February 1536: Act for the dissolution of the lesser monasteries shut all small monasteries (<£200) down
-July 1536: Act of 10 articles rejected the seven sacrements, only believing 3 (baptism, eucharist, penance)
-August 1536: Cromwell issued royal injunctions, to abandon pilgrimages and defend the royal supremacy
-1536: Act extinguishing the authority of the bishop of rome removed papal rights to preach
-July 1537: bishops book rediscovered the 4 ‘lost’ sacraments, but to a lesser value
-June 1539: Act of six articles moved back to catholicism in fears of invasion,, confirming transubstantiation, private masses and hearing confession by priests
-June 1539: Act for the dissolution of the greater monasteries closed all monasteries and returned land to the crown

Question 22

Why did Henry break from Rome (Crown, church and parliament) (3,2,3)

Answer 22

Power
-1532 submission of the clergy
-1534 act of supremacy
-1536 act extinquishing the authority of the bishop of rome

Money
-1534 act of dispensations
-1539/39 act for the dissolution of the lesser/greater monasteries

Religion
-Act of 10 articles
-Royal injunctions and bishops book
-However, act of 6 articles reversed the act of 10 articles, but this was a response to the growing catholic threat

Question 23

What was the nature of protests against the reformation (Crown, church and parliament) (5)

Answer 23

-Open challenge: openly criticising/rebelling against the king
-Private opposition: secretly criticising the king/advocating for the pope
-Remaining loyal to catholicism
-Refusal to act until forced to do so
-Opposition from the inside

Question 24

What were some examples of opposition to Henry’s religious change (Crown, church and parliament) (3,2,2,2)

Answer 24

-Elizabeth Barton was a women who had visions of the virgin mary
-She was seen as a catholic figurehead, undermiming Henry and the protestants
-She was eventually sent to the tower in November 1533, and executed in April1534, on the day londoners had to swear the oath of succession

-Observant Franciscans and the Carthusians were monks who opposed Henry’s policy
-All 7 houses were shut down, friars arrested, and monks unable to unite in opposition

-John Fischer was the catholic bishop of Rochester, who refused the oath and supported Barton
-Arrested and eventually executed

-Sir Thomas More was a respected humanist who resigned after the submission of the clergy, and refused to hand his consciousness over through oath
-He was arrested, the treason act passed, and he was eventually executed

Question 25

How did Edward VI and Mary I impact church-state relations (Crown, church and parliament) (3,3)

Answer 25

-Edward’s 1549 act of Uniformity forced the use of Thomas Cramner’s new english book of common prayer, made its use compulsory and changed the liturgy/appearance of churches
-In 1552, a more protestant book was made, making plain vestements and denying the existence of God’s real prescence
-These changes altered the doctrine/nature of the church, and Edwards 1549 42 articles (defining doctrine) paved the way for Elizabeths 39 articles

-In 1554, Mary repealed the act of supremacy and thus returned to rome
-However, Mary underestimated the protestant support in the country, leading to a parliament rebellion in 1554, led by Thomas Wyatt
-Mary compromised by agreeing that church lands given away didn’t have to be returned, thus reducing the impact of her changes but keeping parliament happy

Question 26

Why did puritans challenge the religious settlement (Crown, church and parliament) (3,4)

Answer 26

-Many puritans wanted to break away and form their own church, not controlled by the monarch
-Puritans wanted no bishops, and priests that wouldn’t wear vestements
-They wanted no statues, whitewashed churches, no gambling and no cock-fighting

-The main puritan challenge came from the CofE, especially bishops
-Other significant challengers came from parliament or the queens council (Francis Walsingham)
-Many puritans ignored the settlement, wanting no organ music and some holy days
-Elizabeth could not ignore this challenge, as it represented a direct challenge to her role as supreme governor

Question 27

What was the nature of the puritan threat, and how did Elizabeth respond (Crown, church and parliament) (4)

Answer 27

-In 1563, convocation introduced their 39 articles (the changes to Edwards 42), however Elizabeth suppressed article 29 until 1571, which denied the real prescence of God at communion
-In 1566, ArchBishop of Canterbury Parker was forced to issue the ‘Book of Advertisements’, which ended the vestement controversy by forcing all to wear the same clothes, 39 clergy resigning in protest
-In 1587, Anthony Cope and Peter Wentworth (MP’s) were sent to the tower of london for trying to remove the structure of the church, Elizabeth ordering the speaker of the commons to ban all discussions on the matter
-In 1593, the Act against Seditious Sectaries ordered anyone who didn’t attend CofE services to leave England, and returning exiles to be killed

Question 28

How did Elizabeth introduce her religious settlement (Crown, church and parliament) (5)

Answer 28

-In 1559, Elizabeths religious settlement, or ‘Via Media’ (the middle way) was a compromise, aiming to unite England religiously and prevent rebellion
-Like her predecessors, Elizabeth used parliament to legalise her succession
-However, there was much opposition, such as the house of Lords, with many influential catholic nobility, bishops and sympathisers
-Elizabeth and Cecil got around this by creating 2 acts (supremacy and uniformity), so that even if uniformity was disputed, settlement wasn’t
-Elizabeth had to compromise by calling herself the ‘Supreme Governor’, to please catholics, whilst also creating an oath

Question 29

What were the 3 parts of Elizabeths religious settlement (Crown, church and parliament) (4,4,3)

Answer 29

Act of Supremacy
-Restored the monarch as head of the English church
-‘Supreme governor’ rather than supreme head as a compromise
-All clergy/royal officials had to swear an oath
-More durable then Henry’s

Act of Uniformity
-Compromise in doctrines it aimed to enforce
-All churches had to follow the rules in the act
-Book of Common prayer, everyone had to go to church or face a 1 shilling fine
-Wording of communion deliberately ambiguous to appease

Oath of supremacy
-All but 1 of mary’s bishops refused and were replaced by protestants
-Only 300/8000 lower clergy refused (settlement compromised)
-Let Elizabeth get all the rotten apples out and enforce the settlement

Question 30

What were some key turning point in church-state relations over the tudor period (Crown, church and parliament) (5)

Answer 30

-1534 Break from Rome: redefined church-state relations, first religious change, 1534 act of supremacy, set up the precedent of parliament
-1536-39 monasteries: dissolution increased the control and power of the monarchy, those who benefitted had an interest in maintaining the break
-Edwards doctrine: 1549 & 52, church became directly protestant (henry flipflopped), provided a basis for Elizabeth
-Mary’s return: repealed 1534 AoS, returned church state relations
-Religious settlement: restored monarch as head of church, compromise, and was durable/lasting, uniting country

Question 31

What was the royal council under Henry VII like (Government and administration) (4)

Answer 31

-Henry’s royal council consisted of around 200 men, typically nobility, clergy and royal officials
-Much of Henry’s council was made up those who served under previous monarchs, Henry being a usurper making them key in establishing his position
-Henry rarely called parliament, making the kings council key in advising on policy/informing on the morale of the parliament
-The ‘Great councils’ were used by Henry to help him control/manage members of the nobility, made to feel involved even if Henry had made his mind up

Question 32

Why was there a tudor revolution in government (Government and administration) (2,2,2)

Answer 32

-The privy council evolved from the medieval kings council
-Most of the changes occured in the latter half of Henry VIII’s reign

-Some say this was a ‘conscious act of administrative reform designed to minimise the kings council’ (elton), as Thomas Cromwell replaced the 70-90 men with 20
-The catalyst to change was the 1536-37 pilgrimage of grace, posing a threat to the king

-However, others discredit Cromwell’s influence, since the temporary council in 1536-37 had many enemies of Cromwell, something he wouldn’t choose
-They suggest the council evolved more naturally, as governments increasing complexity suited a smaller council of skilled members

Question 33

How was the privy council reformed after Cromwell (Government and administration) (2,4)

Answer 33

-After Cromwell’s fall, there was a need to reform the privy council so that government could run itself, since Cromwell had gotten incredibly influential
-Thomas Cromwell and Wolsey, who were unpopular with the nobility due to their humble beginnings, fell from power as they couldn’t deliver Henry what he wanted

-The privy council reformed itself into a ‘chief minister’
-Members of the privy council were now collectively responsible for a lot of administrative work
-All councillors had different responsibilities and equal status, stopping someone becoming too powerful
-The privy council held this chief minister role for Henry, Edward and Mary, but Elizabeth preferred to use her secretary William Cecil

Question 34

How did the privy council develop under Edward VI (Government and administration) (4)

Answer 34

-The number of councillors grew under Edward, since he was a child and needed a large council to govern the country
-Edward’s uncle, the Duke of Somerset, undermined the council’s role by making decisions and giving his men key roles in the kings household (Brother in law Stanhope = groomer of the stool, chief gentleman of privy and controlled the dry stamp)
-In 1549, a rebellion led to the Earl of Warwick attacking Somerset, bringing him down, then Northumberland reasserting the council and governing Edward
-However, the council still wasn’t as powerful as Edward, Warwick remaining central to manipulate access to the king, such as Key supporter John Gates

Question 35

How did the privy council change under Mary and Elizabeth (Government and administration) (3,3)

Answer 35

-50 councillors were appointed by Mary, in an attempt to be inclusive
-However, the average attendance at council meetings in 1555 was 12, only 8 councillors attending over 50% of meetings
-Council meetings were ran by experienced administrators, such as William Paget

-Under Elizabeth, the privy council became an important part of government, as Elizabeth saw the benefits of such professionals helping govern the country
-The Council met 3-4x a week from 1520-60, but met up 1-2x a day by 1590, as the government expansion in the localities led to more administrative work
-However, the monarch was still more powerful, taking key policy (religion, foreign, security)m as the council were the states servants, not the monarchs

Question 36

How did Henry VII use parliamant (Government and administration) (4)

Answer 36

-Henry VII called parliament 7 times in 24 years to raise tax for wars, but this was entirely usual as Henry didn’t pursue a particularly ambitious foreign policy
-All these taxes were granted except once in 1504, where parliament gave less
-Henry VII used his first parliament to enhance his claim to be king, and convicted his enemies
-Henry VII’s descendants would use parliament to give legal status to the tudor succession

Question 37

How was Henry VIII like with parliament pre 1529 (Government and administration) (4)

Answer 37

-Henry asked for tax 4x between 1510-1523, and these were all fine until 1517, when the burden of tax became increasingly hard to swallow
-As parliament grew in strength, more discussions took place over their rights and privileges
-MP’s were allowed to speak freely in the house of commons, but not outside of it, and there would be parliamentary managers who would feedback conversations to the king
-In 1523, Thomas More, the speaker, requested to speak freely within the chamber, following anger due to Wolsey requesting financein 1523

Question 38

What was the sovereignty of statute law, king in parliament and how did these develop over the mid tudors (Government and administration) (2,2,2)

Answer 38

-The sovereignty of statute law meant that any laws passed by parliament could only be changed by a future parliament (repealing 1534 AoS)
-Once parliament was used to create the royal supremacy, parliament was required to make any further religious changes

-King-in-Parliament was the idea that the most powerful institution in the country was the king acting in conjunction with the parliament (K+P>K>P)
-King-In-Parliament allowed Henry VIII to have authority over the church, something Henry alone didn’t (God had given Henry the right, but he needed to assume this right through the people (parliament))

-Edward VI supported King-in-Parliament, passing acts such as his 42 articles
-Mary I did not believe in K-i-P, believeing in the Pope’s ultimate authority, however she faced parliamentary opposition, and thus had to make her changes through parliament

Question 39

How did Elizabeth manage her parliament (Government and administration) (6)

Answer 39

-The relationship between Elizabeth and Parliament worsened post 1585, as she now needed greater tax to fight spain
-Parliaments main concerns in the 1590s were over royal officials misuse of royal prerogatives, granting monopolies to raise money, and high taxation
-The monopolies causing resentment were those Elizabeth granted to her courtiers for profit, Walter Raleigh owning tin, playing card and tavern license monopolies
-By 1597, the socioeconomic situation deteriorated dramatically, leading to a petition over monopoly complaints, the first direct criticism of Elizabeth’s policies (MP’s wanted a bill, a direct challenge)
-In 1601, Elizabeth called parliament for tax, yet she hadn’t fufilled her 1597 promise of reviewing monopolies, MP’s fuming (157 MP’s present in 1597, and a mob broke in begging parliament to do something)
-Elizabeth met with 140 MP’s and gave her ‘golden speech’, a triumph of political manipulation, apologising for ‘lapses of error’, yet conceding little and gaining tax

Question 40

How did the power of parliament increase as a result of sovereignty of stature law/parliamentary privilege through Elizabeth’s reign (Government and administration) (6)

Answer 40

-Mary and Elizabeth reinforced supremacy through parliament repealing/reasserting the act of supremacy
-By the end of the period, parliament gained the right to legislate on religious change, and this encouraged MP’s to debate freely on religious policy
-Elizabeth was able to suppress the debates on her marriage, succession and religion with the help of her councillers, such as Walsingham and Cecil + parliamentary managers
-In 1576, Peter Wentworth made a speech attacking Elizabeths attempts to control discussions in the commons (Wals, Cec, ParMan), using ideas as parliamentary privilege
-In 1593, tax caused anger in the commons as MP’s allowed two subsidies to be raised, Cecil telling them this wasn’t enough, and MP’s getting annoyed at his involvement
-Cecil managed the issue by calming down the MP’s, and then the Lords were ultimately granted the subsidies requested

Question 41

To what extent had the relationship between crown and parliament changed during the tudor period (Government and administration) (7)

Answer 41

-The growth of MP’s from 302 in 1512 to 462 in 1586 led to the need to manage parliament
-In 1561, the commons dared to raise the issue of succession and marriage with the queen, the council allowing this debate in return for parliamentary tax
-In 1587, the Queen went as far as imprisoning Cope and Wentworth for their interfering with the religious settlement
-Although it’s significant that the crown resorted to extreme measures vs an increasingly important parliament in legalising religious change, Elizabeth still got her way
-Tudor monarchs and parliament generally got on well (Henry VIII had cooperation, at times reluctantly, Mary, bar a 1555 rebellion, got her return to rome, Elizabeth tried to restrict parliament)
-Although relations deteriorated in the 1590s, Elizabeth remained in control and got what she wanted (no monarch was refused tax, although limited in 1504 & 23, discussed in 1566)
-The power of parliament increased in the period, but the monarch was still more powerful