Breadth Study 1 - Changes in governance at the centre Flashcards

Question

How did Edward VI and Mary I impact church-state relations (Crown, church and parliament) (3,3)

Answer 1

-Edward's 1549 act of Uniformity forced the use of Thomas Cramner's new english book of common prayer, made its use compulsory and changed the liturgy/appearance of churches -In 1552, a more protestant book was made, making plain vestements and denying the existence of God's real prescence -These changes altered the doctrine/nature of the church, and Edwards 1549 42 articles (defining doctrine) paved the way for Elizabeths 39 articles -In 1554, Mary repealed the act of supremacy and thus returned to rome -However, Mary underestimated the protestant support in the country, leading to a parliament rebellion in 1554, led by Thomas Wyatt -Mary compromised by agreeing that church lands given away didn't have to be returned, thus reducing the impact of her changes but keeping parliament happy

Answer 2

-Many puritans wanted to break away and form their own church, not controlled by the monarch -Puritans wanted no bishops, and priests that wouldn't wear vestements -They wanted no statues, whitewashed churches, no gambling and no cock-fighting -The main puritan challenge came from the CofE, especially bishops -Other significant challengers came from parliament or the queens council (Francis Walsingham) -Many puritans ignored the settlement, wanting no organ music and some holy days -Elizabeth could not ignore this challenge, as it represented a direct challenge to her role as supreme governor

Answer 3

-In 1563, convocation introduced their 39 articles (the changes to Edwards 42), however Elizabeth suppressed article 29 until 1571, which denied the real prescence of God at communion -In 1566, ArchBishop of Canterbury Parker was forced to issue the 'Book of Advertisements', which ended the vestement controversy by forcing all to wear the same clothes, 39 clergy resigning in protest -In 1587, Anthony Cope and Peter Wentworth (MP's) were sent to the tower of london for trying to remove the structure of the church, Elizabeth ordering the speaker of the commons to ban all discussions on the matter -In 1593, the Act against Seditious Sectaries ordered anyone who didn't attend CofE services to leave England, and returning exiles to be killed

Answer 4

-In 1559, Elizabeths religious settlement, or 'Via Media' (the middle way) was a compromise, aiming to unite England religiously and prevent rebellion -Like her predecessors, Elizabeth used parliament to legalise her succession -However, there was much opposition, such as the house of Lords, with many influential catholic nobility, bishops and sympathisers -Elizabeth and Cecil got around this by creating 2 acts (supremacy and uniformity), so that even if uniformity was disputed, settlement wasn't -Elizabeth had to compromise by calling herself the 'Supreme Governor', to please catholics, whilst also creating an oath

Answer 5

Act of Supremacy -Restored the monarch as head of the English church -'Supreme governor' rather than supreme head as a compromise -All clergy/royal officials had to swear an oath -More durable then Henry's Act of Uniformity -Compromise in doctrines it aimed to enforce -All churches had to follow the rules in the act -Book of Common prayer, everyone had to go to church or face a 1 shilling fine -Wording of communion deliberately ambiguous to appease Oath of supremacy -All but 1 of mary's bishops refused and were replaced by protestants -Only 300/8000 lower clergy refused (settlement compromised) -Let Elizabeth get all the rotten apples out and enforce the settlement

Answer 6

-1534 Break from Rome: redefined church-state relations, first religious change, 1534 act of supremacy, set up the precedent of parliament -1536-39 monasteries: dissolution increased the control and power of the monarchy, those who benefitted had an interest in maintaining the break -Edwards doctrine: 1549 & 52, church became directly protestant (henry flipflopped), provided a basis for Elizabeth -Mary's return: repealed 1534 AoS, returned church state relations -Religious settlement: restored monarch as head of church, compromise, and was durable/lasting, uniting country

Answer 7

-Henry's royal council consisted of around 200 men, typically nobility, clergy and royal officials -Much of Henry's council was made up those who served under previous monarchs, Henry being a usurper making them key in establishing his position -Henry rarely called parliament, making the kings council key in advising on policy/informing on the morale of the parliament -The 'Great councils' were used by Henry to help him control/manage members of the nobility, made to feel involved even if Henry had made his mind up

Answer 8

-The privy council evolved from the medieval kings council -Most of the changes occured in the latter half of Henry VIII's reign -Some say this was a 'conscious act of administrative reform designed to minimise the kings council' (elton), as Thomas Cromwell replaced the 70-90 men with 20 -The catalyst to change was the 1536-37 pilgrimage of grace, posing a threat to the king -However, others discredit Cromwell's influence, since the temporary council in 1536-37 had many enemies of Cromwell, something he wouldn't choose -They suggest the council evolved more naturally, as governments increasing complexity suited a smaller council of skilled members

Answer 9

-After Cromwell's fall, there was a need to reform the privy council so that government could run itself, since Cromwell had gotten incredibly influential -Thomas Cromwell and Wolsey, who were unpopular with the nobility due to their humble beginnings, fell from power as they couldn't deliver Henry what he wanted -The privy council reformed itself into a 'chief minister' -Members of the privy council were now collectively responsible for a lot of administrative work -All councillors had different responsibilities and equal status, stopping someone becoming too powerful -The privy council held this chief minister role for Henry, Edward and Mary, but Elizabeth preferred to use her secretary William Cecil

Answer 10

-The number of councillors grew under Edward, since he was a child and needed a large council to govern the country -Edward's uncle, the Duke of Somerset, undermined the council's role by making decisions and giving his men key roles in the kings household (Brother in law Stanhope = groomer of the stool, chief gentleman of privy and controlled the dry stamp) -In 1549, a rebellion led to the Earl of Warwick attacking Somerset, bringing him down, then Northumberland reasserting the council and governing Edward -However, the council still wasn't as powerful as Edward, Warwick remaining central to manipulate access to the king, such as Key supporter John Gates

Answer 11

-50 councillors were appointed by Mary, in an attempt to be inclusive -However, the average attendance at council meetings in 1555 was 12, only 8 councillors attending over 50% of meetings -Council meetings were ran by experienced administrators, such as William Paget -Under Elizabeth, the privy council became an important part of government, as Elizabeth saw the benefits of such professionals helping govern the country -The Council met 3-4x a week from 1520-60, but met up 1-2x a day by 1590, as the government expansion in the localities led to more administrative work -However, the monarch was still more powerful, taking key policy (religion, foreign, security)m as the council were the states servants, not the monarchs

Answer 12

-Henry VII called parliament 7 times in 24 years to raise tax for wars, but this was entirely usual as Henry didn't pursue a particularly ambitious foreign policy -All these taxes were granted except once in 1504, where parliament gave less -Henry VII used his first parliament to enhance his claim to be king, and convicted his enemies -Henry VII's descendants would use parliament to give legal status to the tudor succession

Answer 13

-Henry asked for tax 4x between 1510-1523, and these were all fine until 1517, when the burden of tax became increasingly hard to swallow -As parliament grew in strength, more discussions took place over their rights and privileges -MP's were allowed to speak freely in the house of commons, but not outside of it, and there would be parliamentary managers who would feedback conversations to the king -In 1523, Thomas More, the speaker, requested to speak freely within the chamber, following anger due to Wolsey requesting financein 1523

Answer 14

-The sovereignty of statute law meant that any laws passed by parliament could only be changed by a future parliament (repealing 1534 AoS) -Once parliament was used to create the royal supremacy, parliament was required to make any further religious changes -King-in-Parliament was the idea that the most powerful institution in the country was the king acting in conjunction with the parliament (K+P>K>P) -King-In-Parliament allowed Henry VIII to have authority over the church, something Henry alone didn't (God had given Henry the right, but he needed to assume this right through the people (parliament)) -Edward VI supported King-in-Parliament, passing acts such as his 42 articles -Mary I did not believe in K-i-P, believeing in the Pope's ultimate authority, however she faced parliamentary opposition, and thus had to make her changes through parliament

Answer 15

-The relationship between Elizabeth and Parliament worsened post 1585, as she now needed greater tax to fight spain -Parliaments main concerns in the 1590s were over royal officials misuse of royal prerogatives, granting monopolies to raise money, and high taxation -The monopolies causing resentment were those Elizabeth granted to her courtiers for profit, Walter Raleigh owning tin, playing card and tavern license monopolies -By 1597, the socioeconomic situation deteriorated dramatically, leading to a petition over monopoly complaints, the first direct criticism of Elizabeth's policies (MP's wanted a bill, a direct challenge) -In 1601, Elizabeth called parliament for tax, yet she hadn't fufilled her 1597 promise of reviewing monopolies, MP's fuming (157 MP's present in 1597, and a mob broke in begging parliament to do something) -Elizabeth met with 140 MP's and gave her 'golden speech', a triumph of political manipulation, apologising for 'lapses of error', yet conceding little and gaining tax

Answer 16

-Mary and Elizabeth reinforced supremacy through parliament repealing/reasserting the act of supremacy -By the end of the period, parliament gained the right to legislate on religious change, and this encouraged MP's to debate freely on religious policy -Elizabeth was able to suppress the debates on her marriage, succession and religion with the help of her councillers, such as Walsingham and Cecil + parliamentary managers -In 1576, Peter Wentworth made a speech attacking Elizabeths attempts to control discussions in the commons (Wals, Cec, ParMan), using ideas as parliamentary privilege -In 1593, tax caused anger in the commons as MP's allowed two subsidies to be raised, Cecil telling them this wasn't enough, and MP's getting annoyed at his involvement -Cecil managed the issue by calming down the MP's, and then the Lords were ultimately granted the subsidies requested

Answer 17

-The growth of MP's from 302 in 1512 to 462 in 1586 led to the need to manage parliament -In 1561, the commons dared to raise the issue of succession and marriage with the queen, the council allowing this debate in return for parliamentary tax -In 1587, the Queen went as far as imprisoning Cope and Wentworth for their interfering with the religious settlement -Although it's significant that the crown resorted to extreme measures vs an increasingly important parliament in legalising religious change, Elizabeth still got her way -Tudor monarchs and parliament generally got on well (Henry VIII had cooperation, at times reluctantly, Mary, bar a 1555 rebellion, got her return to rome, Elizabeth tried to restrict parliament) -Although relations deteriorated in the 1590s, Elizabeth remained in control and got what she wanted (no monarch was refused tax, although limited in 1504 & 23, discussed in 1566) -The power of parliament increased in the period, but the monarch was still more powerful