Breadth 2: Changes in representation in Britain (1780-1928) Flashcards
outline the ideological changes of the Tories and Whigs in 1780-1830 (Radicalism, 1st RA)
- development of 2 party system
- Tories: preserve status quo (powers of monarchy, Anglican church), oppose reform,
- Whigs: more receptive to reform, reduce crown patronage, abolish slavery
outline the appeal changes of the Tories and Whigs in 1780-1830 (Radicalism, 1st RA)
- Tories more aligned with Anglicans + agricultural interests
- Whigs promote interests of reform
what are the causes of the changes in the Whigs + Tories in 1830-46 (2 of the Chartist petitions)
- leadership: Pitt (T) and Fox (W) influenced change
- events: French + American revolutions provoke different reactions
outline the ideological changes of the Whigs and Tories in 1830-46 (2 of the Chartist petitions)
- ideological differences deepen
- Ts divide: Moderates vs Ultras
- Ws embrace more social reform; slavery, education etc
- Ts become Conservatives - accept moderate reform -e.g. 1832 RA
- Litchfield House Compact 1835: Ws agree to work with Irish + Radical MPs - origin of the Liberal party
outline the appeal changes of the Whigs and Tories in 1830-46 (2 of the Chartist petitions)
- Cons dominate rural seats
- Corn Law repeal splits Peelites + Protectionists in Cons Govt
outline the organisational changes of the Whigs and Tories in 1830-46 (2 of the Chartist petitions)
- Cons first arrange professional electoral agents in key areas
- they set up Carlton Club in London to raise money + support
- Cs set up registration societies
- Whig reform club follows suit to improve local organisation + voter registration
outline the causes of the changes of the Whigs and Tories in 1830-46 (2 of the Chartist petitions)
- leadership: Peel leads shift of Ts to Cons
- different views of reform + need to appeal to new voters
- 1841 election prompts Ws to follows Cons organisational policies
outline the ideological changes of the Conservatives + Liberals in 1846-86 (3rd Chartist petiton, repeal of the CDAs)
- Liberal party is formed out of the coalition of Whigs, Peelites, radicals + Irish MPs
- Libs: low tax, peaceful foreign policy, equality (religious discrimination removed), social reform, political reform (secret ballot, 1883/4/5)
- Disraeli leads modernisation of Cons to broaden appeal of the party due to 1867 RA. 1 nation ideas/ Tory Democracy: social reform, still defends Anglican church
outline the appeal changes of the Conservatives + Liberals in 1846-86 (3rd Chartist petiton, repeal of the CDAs)
- Libs: broad coalition with conflicting interests
- Cons: appeals to w/c
outline the organisational changes of the Conservatives + Liberals in 1846-86 (3rd Chartist petiton, repeal of the CDAs)
- Cons: top down approach; set up NUCCA in 1867, national coordination + meetings, involved w on an equal basis to men!
- Libs: bottom up approach: aims to attract w/c + m/c support, lots of social activities
outline the ideological changes of the Conservatives + Liberals in 1886-1928 (repeal of CDAs, equal franchise act)
- Libs: Gladstone’s failure over Home Rule + Lib defeat in 1886 led to split in the party; Unionists (oppose Home Rule for Ireland), Whigs + Radicals joined Cons
- Cons: in 1900s Cons divisions re-emerge , Libs begin to reunite against it
- New Liberalism: social reform, welfare. coalition during the war. coalition during war followed by Lib decline + Labour growth
outline the causes for the changes of the Conservatives + Liberals in 1846-86 (3rd Chartist petiton, repeal of the CDAs)
- leadership: Gladstone, Disraeli, Salisbury
- political reform: 1858/67/72/83/84/85
- franchise extensions/ redistribution: ensures turnout of eligible voters
outline the appeal changes for the Conservatives + Liberals in 1886-1928 (repeal of the CDAs, Equal Franchise Act)
- Villa Toryism, results in improved electoral fortunes of Cons
outline the organisational changes for the Conservatives + Liberals in 1886-1928 (repeal of CDAs, equal franchise act)
- 1918 act made parties realise they needed a mass membership to respond to a mass electorate
- strength of Cons maintained; organisations, clubs, role of W
- strength of Libs not maintained; m/c support drifted to Cons, other support to Labour
outline the appeal changes of the rise of Labour in 1893+ (start of female suffrage)
- partially class based
- appeals to lots of different groups
outline the ideological changes of the rise of Labour in 1893+ (start of female suffrage)
- origins before 1893
- initial growth based on the desire to improve representation of w/c - e.g. more MPs from w/c backgrounds
- Keir Hardie avoid references to Socialism to ensure broad appeal
outline the causes for the changes of the Conservatives + Liberals in 1886-1928 (repeal of CDAs, equal franchise act)
- leadership: Gladstone (Lib), Chamberlain (Cons)
- events: suffragettes
outline the organisational changes of the rise of Labour in 1893+ (start of female suffrage)
- crucial to the growth of Lab; funding from TUs was needed for candidates esp until 1918
- Lib-Lab pact 1903 important to the party’s launch
outline the causes for the rise of Lab in 1893+ (start of female suffrage)
- political + social changes; w/c majority constituencies, improved education - Lab growth doesn’t correlate with growth in franchise or union power
- electoral fortunes: Lib weakness starting in 1890s is a key TP
- WW1 was a TP; accelerated change
- reform; 1918 franchise extension + 1911 payment of MPs
outline the change in the influence of aristocracy in 1780-1832 (early radicalism, 1st RA)
- 1780s onwards: some action against power but nothing significant done to reduce aristocratic dominance in politics
- development of radical ideas with increased support leads to greater questioning of the system + growth in support of reform
outline the causes of change in the influence of aristocracy in 1780-1832 (early radicalism, 1st RA)
- Tory dominance
- key radical ideas grow
- economic + social change; growing m/c, BUT radical cause is weaker when economy is stable
outline the change in the influence of aristocracy in 1832-65 (1st RA, 2nd RA)
impact of 1832 RA:
- HofC; increase in county seats increases aristocratic influence
- Chandos Clause (in 1832 RA): gave the vote to tenants in agricultural areas who vote in accordance of their landowners interests
- abolition of rotten/ pocket boroughs; did little to reduce aristocratic influence in PLT
outline the causes of change in the influence of aristocracy in 1832-65 (1st RA, 2nd RA)
- 1832 RA represents a TP in the power of the HofL; unable to bock reform, declining legitimacy (acceptance of authority) in relation to HofC
outline the change in the influence of aristocracy in 1865-1905 (2nd RA, rise of WSPU/NUWSS)
- power + influence of aristocracy decreases:
- SBA 1972 + CPA 1883 reduce influence over tenants and get rid of bribery and treating
- Redistribution Act 1885 professionalizes politics which reduces aristocratic influence over candidates
- % of aristocrats in HofC falls steadily
outline the causes for change in the influence of aristocracy in 1865-1905 (2nd RA, rise of WSPU/NUWSS)
- key cause is political reforms; 1867, 1872, 1884, 1885
- economic changes (imported corn) reduced wealth of aristocracy - reduces influence
- increased franchise reduces legitimacy + power of Lords
outline the change in the influence of aristocracy in 1906-28 (rep of the peoples act, equal franchise act)
- 1906 election: only 10% MPs from aristocratic/ gentry families are elected
- Labour party: grows, WC MPs are more politically successful
- 1911 Parliament Act: significantly reduces power of Lords - but there are still Lords in cabinet
outline the cause of changes in the influence of aristocracy in 1906-28 (rep of the peoples act, equal franchise act)
- 1911 Parliament Act significantly reduces power of Lords
- 1918 + WW1 leads to extension of franchise, 1911 Payment of MPs - accelerates growth of Labour + social change
- attitudes to democracy + aristocratic influence change
outline the change in the influence of the Crown in 1780-1837 (early rads, 1st RA)
big decline in popularity + start to lose influence
- 1780 Dunning’s Motion: critiques Crown influence + spending
- Failure of Peel’s 100 day Ministry: Peel chosen by WIV against PLT’s wishes - last time a Monarch chooses PM over PLT
outline the change in the influence of the Crown in 1837-71 (1st RA, SBA)
some retention of power but increasingly unpopular
- 1839 Bedchamber Crisis: Victoria doesn’t want Peel to be PM, refuses to honour tradition, doesn’t wish to be neutral/ dictated
- growth in Republicanism (abolition of Monarchy)
outline the change in the influence of the Crown in 1871-1901 (SBA, death of Queen Victoria)
- recovery of popularity; a move to symbolic, not actual power
- 1870s V creates new image of monarchy
- swift decline in Republicanism
- Disraeli makes V ‘Empress of India’
- actual power declines - doesnt want Gladstone as PM but cant stop it
- V does get her choice of PM in 1894, Rosebery
outline the change in the influence of the Crown in 1901-28 (death of Queen Victoria, equal franchise act)
- no resurrection of actual power
- increasingly evident that power resides with elected representatives
- image of monarchy endures -suggests strength in symbolic power which leaves potential for some influence
outline the change and continuity of the social makeup of the HofC in 1780-1832 (early rads, 1st RA)
- change: Catholic MPs can sit in Commons after 1829 Catholic Emancipation, some Radicals but are from privilaged backgrounds
- continuity: very little change, dominance of propertied classes grows, dominance of landowners - 1/5 of all MPs were sons/ brothers of peers
outline the change and continuity of the social makeup of the HofC in 1832-67 (1s RA, 2nd RA)
- in 1832: 75% of MPs were landowners. redistribution from 1832 RA had little short term impacts on HofC social comp
- 1867 RA: big increase in franchise, but still limited change to social comp of HofC
- change: 1858 Abolition of property qualifications (election open to all), 1832+1867 start change - more MC
- continuity: very little change - no significant influx of MC MPs after 1832, still no WC MPs, lots of uncontested seats, corruption remains
outline the change and continuity of the social makeup of the HofC in 1868-1910 (3rd RA, Parliament Act)
- 1872 SBA: frees voters from landlord influence + removes corruption, but both continue in short term
- 1883 CPA: removes corruption
- change: bribery+ intimidation outlawed- wealthy have less exertion over voting, increased franchise, fairer distribution
- continuity: influence of landlords remain, few WC MPs and are all dependent on TUs
outline the change and continuity of the social makeup of the HofC in 1911-28 (Parliament Act, Equal Franchise Act)
- 1911 Pay of MPs: all can afford to run
- 1918: extended franchise to W
- growth of Labour: 56/63 elected Lab MPs were WC
- change: inc in MC and WC MPs, (privileged) W elected
- continuity: wealth continues to dominate, few WC MPs
