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*Y2 LCRS Neuro* > Brainstem and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brainstem and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Define Brainstem:

A

◦That part of the CNS, exclusive of the cerebellum, that lies between the cerebrum and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the three major divisions of the Brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

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3
Q

Where is the Pons located in relation to other structures in the brain?

A

It is the floor of the 4th Ventricle

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4
Q

What and Where is the Pineal Gland?

A

Located posteriorly in the midline above the Midbrain

It releases Melatonin and is important in regulating the Circadian Rhythm

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5
Q

What does Colliculus mean and where are they located?

A

Low Lying Hills

4 - Superior and Inferior - Lying on the roof of the midbrain posteriorly

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6
Q

What do the Colliculi do?

A

Superior Colliculus - important in the coordination of eye and head movements at the same time (think about watching tennis)

Inferior Colliculus - auditory reflexes - if there is a loud bang you tend to look in the direction of the bang immediately

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7
Q

How many cranial nerves emerge from the back of the brainstem?

Which ones?

A

ONE

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

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8
Q

What can be seen to define the Medulla in the dorsal aspect?

A

The Dorsal Columns

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9
Q

What is located anteriorly to the brainstem?

(two structures)

A

Optic Chiasm

Infundibulum (Pituitary stalk)

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10
Q

Identify the cranial nerves on this diagram:

9 are here (some are combined)

A
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11
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the Pons?

A

Five to Eight

Trigeminal (V)

Abducens (VI)

Facial (VII)

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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12
Q

What Cranial nerves emerge from the lateral medulla?

A

Nine, Ten and Eleven

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Vagus (X)

Accessory (XI)

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13
Q

Where does the Hypoglossal nerve (XII) originate?

A

From the Medulla

More medially than IX, X & XI

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14
Q

Show where fibres cross-over on this diagram:

What is this structure called?

A

At the join between the pyramids at the base of the medulla

Pyramidal Decussation

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15
Q

What are the four functional subtypes of the Cranial nerves?

A

General Somatic Afferent (GSA)

General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

General Visceral Efferent (GVE)

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16
Q

What do GSA Cranial nerves transmit?

A

Sensation from skin and mucous membranes

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17
Q

What do GVA Cranial nerves transmit?

A

Sensation from GI tract, heart, vessels and lungs

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18
Q

What do GSE Cranial nerves transmit?

A

Motor signals for Eye muscle and tongue movements

19
Q

What do GVE Cranial nerves transmit?

A

Preganglionic Parasympathetic signals

20
Q

What are the three Special Functional Classifications of the Cranial nerves?

What do they do?

A

Special Somatic Afferent:

Vision, hearing and equilibrium (only the cranial nerves)

Special Visceral Afferent:

Smell (CN I) and Taste (comes from THREE cranial nerves that all go back to the nucleus solitarius)

Special Visceral Efferent:

Muscles involved in chewing, facial expression, swallowing, vocal sounds and turning the head

21
Q

Where are the different General functional subtypes of nerves located in the embryonic spinal cord?

A
22
Q

Where does information enter and leave the spinal cord?

A

Enters: Dorsal Root

Leaves: Ventral Root

23
Q

How are the four subtypes of cranial nerves arranged in the Embryonic Rhombencephalon?

How is this different from the Spinal cord?
Why is this?

A 
Motor = Medial
Sensory = Lateral

(From medial to lateral)
GSE GVE GVA GSA

  • Not Dorsal and Ventral because in the Brainstem the alar plate opens up and there is a ventricle there
24
Q

Have a guess at the Nuclei of Cranial Nerves in this diagram

A
25
Q

Wot is dis?

What are the two main clues?

A

Midbrain

  • It looks like Mickey Mouse
  • You can see the Cerebral Aquaduct
26
Q

Label these areas on the Midbrain

A
27
Q

What is the black area in the Midbrain?

Why is it black?

What does it contain?

What disease causes it to change colour?

A

Substantia Nigra

Contains Dopaminergic Neurones

Produces Neuromelanin in normal metabolism which is black
Gets blacker and blacker as you age

In Parkinson’s, you lose these neurones so it may turn pale

28
Q

Wot dis?

Label it:

A

Pons

29
Q

What’s this?

Label it:

A

Medulla (Upper section)

30
Q

What is the Inferior Olivary Nucleus?

A

A structure connected to the cerebellum involved in fine-tuning motor movement

31
Q

Wot dis?

Label it:

A

Lower Medulla

32
Q

What do the Dorsal Columns of the Medulla contain?

A

Touch and Proprioception information from the lower (Gracilis) and upper (Cuneatus) limb

33
Q

What is Lateral Medullary Syndrome caused by?

A

Thrombosis of the Vertebral artery or Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)

34
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome and what does it cause?

A

Loss of Sympathetic innervation to the head and neck

Ptosis (Drooping of upper eyelid)
Lack of sweating around the eye
Hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing

35
Q

What may Lateral Medullary Syndrome result in?

(five)

A

Vertigo

Ipsilateral Cerebellar Ataxia (Broad-based Gait - shuffling)

Ipsilateral loss of pain/thermal sense (face)

Horner’s Syndrome

Contralateral loss of pain/thermal sense (Trunk and limbs)

36
Q

What causes the symptoms in Lateral Medullary Syndrome?

A

Vertigo: Disturbing the Vestibular Nucleus

Ipsi Cerebellar Ataxia: Disturbing the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

Horner’s: Disturbing the sympathetic trunk

Loss of Pain and Sensation from body: Spinothalamic tract

37
Q

What’s the Mnemonic for remembering the type of fibres in the Cranial Nerves?

A

M - Motor S - Sensory B - Both

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More

38
Q

What Cranial Nerves also have Parasympathetic Fibres?

A

III VII IX X

Oculomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

39
Q

What are the functions of the Cranial Nerves I-III?

A

I: Olfaction

II: Vision

III: Movement of eyeball, Pupillary Constriction and accommodation (PSNS)

40
Q

What are the functions of the Cranial Nerves IV-VI?

A

IV: Movement of the eyeball

V: General sensation, Opening/closing of Mouth, Tension of Tympanic membrane

VI: Movement of eyeball

41
Q

What are the functions of the Cranial Nerves VII-IX?

A

VII: Taste, Facial movement, Tension of middle ear bones, Salvation + Lacrimation

VIII: Vestibular sensation (Position of head) Hearing

IX: General Sensation, Taste, Chemo/Baroreception, Swallowing, Salivation

42
Q

What are the functions of Cranial Nerve X?

A

Sensory: General Sensation, Chemo/Baroreception, Visceral sensation

Motor: Speech, Swallowing

Parasympathetic: Control of CVS, Respiratory and GI tract

43
Q

What are the functions of Cranial Nerves XI & XII?

A

XI: Movement of Head and Shoulder

XII: Movement of Tongue

*Y2 LCRS Neuro* (7 decks)

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