brainsteam

Question 1

subcortical structures

Answer 1

hypothalamus below thalamus sitting on top of the brain steam. Cerebellum on the back of the brain stem midsagittal section of the brain

Question 2

striatum (-caudate )

Answer 2

voluntary movement & gola-directed action

Question 3

putamen

Answer 3

motor skills & reinforcement,learning
Caudate &putamen sometimes collectively refered to as striatum

Question 4

Globus pallidus

Answer 4

Regulation of voluntary movement,sits on interior surface of putamen.

Question 5

Globus pallidus

Answer 5

Regulation of voluntary movement,sits on interior surface of putamen.

Question 6

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 6

Aversion ,motivation,pleasure ,reward
Small but important area for processing
Tied into dopamine system as well

Question 7

Amygdala

Answer 7

Emotion
Inculding fear
Episodic long term memory in general things that lead to strong emotions tend to lead to things you want to remember

Question 8

Hippocampus

Answer 8

Episodic long -term memory

Question 9

Cingulate sulcus

Question 10

calcarine sulcus

Answer 10

In occipital lob .Primary visual cortex sits around & in the calcarine sulcus .

Question 11

cerebral cortex -grey & white matter

Answer 11

grey matter -cortcial surface -the cortex is highly convoluted so that more cell bodies can fit into a small volume-maximum surface are .

White matter- Lots o fconnections from 1 brain area to another running through the white matter

Question 12

cerebrum

Answer 12

cerebrum that is integration . so what we’re doing is making sense of all of that data.Now makes up that cerebrum are going to be these neurons.

Question 13

Cerebellum

Answer 13

Cerebellum have motor controll ,so as you do sports, for example it’s the cerebellum that’s giving you that coodination, and it also gives you motor memory.so as you learn to ride a bicycel and you remember how to ride a bicyckel that’s going to be thanks to your cerebellum.

-motor control ,coodination, coordination ,maintaining body posture,balance and timing of movement :also involved in cognitive functions.

Question 14

Hypothalamus

Answer 14

Hyptahalmus is homeostasis ,it’s maintaining body temperature. it’s maintaning osmolarity. All of that stuff is contained right up in the hypotalamus. Also important in circadian rhythms.

Controls the autonomic and the endocrine system (hormone) regulating the four essential, fighting ,fleeing ,feeling and moting, release ,body temperature,hunger ,thirst,sleep,etc.

Question 15

Thalamus

Answer 15

Thalamus we keep moving up we now have the thalamus. the thalamus again sits right on top of the brainsteam. and so the best analogy i could come up with is a router. It’s basically sorting, like sorts data. Data and sending it where it needs to go . if we were to look below that there’s a little.

Question 16

the thalam is —- to the cerebellum

Answer 16

a. inferior & anterior
b.inferior & posterior
c. superior & anterior
superior& posterior

Question 17

commissures

Answer 17

connections between hemispheres

Question 18

cerebral cortex -Gryri

Answer 18

Gyri -ridges in the cortex

Question 19

precentral gyrus

Answer 19

right in front of the central sulcus .primary motor cortex

Question 20

Hypothalamus

Answer 20

Hypothalamus below thalamus

Question 21

cerebellum

Answer 21

celebellum on the back od the brain stem .Midsagittal secrion of the brain

Question 22

Brocca’s aphasia

Answer 22

Language

Question 23

corpus callosum

Answer 23

connection between the right and left hemispheres.

(The two hemispheres are connected via Corpus Callosum and it allows the transfer of info between the hemispheres. It’s dense fibers tract and consists of many axons/nerve fibers. The Corpus Callosum itself consists of the Genu,the body and the Spleniumers. These axons that the Corpus Callosum consists of connect similar regions of the two hemispheres, they called Homotopic fibers and heterotopic fibers).
Homotopic fibers: Goes via Corpus Callosum and connect to similar regions in the other hemisphere. This could be a fiber between the rgeions responsible for motor movments,

Heterotopic fibers: Goes via Copus Callosum and connect to different brain regions in the other hemisphere.

Question 24

corpus callosum affected

Answer 24

In almost traumatic brain injury the corpus callosum is affected.

Question 25

motor areas

Answer 25

control voluntary motor function

Question 26

Werncke’s area

Answer 26

Recognizing and comprehending written and spoken language.

Question 27

⦁ Primary sensory or motor cortex

Answer 27

It plays a important role in processing affarent somatosensory input and contributes to the inegragtion of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement. If this area gets damaged we will get severe problems ,such as loss of senssation.

Question 28

Secondary sensory or motor cortex

Answer 28

Associated with spatial and tractile memory assciated with sensory experiences.

Question 29

Association cortex.

Answer 29

Associate or integrate info from different modalities. This is where sensory information is further processed and where different modalities are combined; attention is shifted, planning occurs and memories are stored.

Question 30

Auditory processing

Answer 30

We have auditory receptors or hear cells in the cochlea ,these respond to the vibration ,that area caused by sound waves and converted into neurosignals. info transmitted via auditory nerve to the brain stem.

From thalamus the info transmitted and the primary auditory cortex.When the neurons has processed a part of the info it goes further for secondary areas and after that further to association areas.

Question 31

Somatosensory/touch processing

Answer 31

the teceptor in the skin responds to different types of touch: cold,pain,pressure etc. Te receptors convert info and sends to the spinal cord, then to thalamus and from there to primary somatosensory cortex. When neurons has processed a part of the info it goes further for processing of secondary areas and after that further to association areas.

Question 32

Motor processing

Answer 32

When the info going from the cortex has been processed, when we do voluntary movements have first goal of an action. these golas are processed in the higher areas of cortex. the brain must plan for type of movements is need to be carried out and this processed in secondary motor cortex. Info to primary motor. when muscles need to carry out the plan or goal,this info then is sent out via the spinal cord to the muscles.

Question 33

primary sensory motor cortex

Answer 33

Is located in the frontal lobe

Question 34

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

the prefrontal cortex is mature in our 20’s or beginning of our 30’s. this part is also larger in humans than in other animals. the prefrontal cortex is also what makes humans and it’s responsible for all kind of higher functions which we call cognitive control.

Question 35

There was a study on plasticiy

Answer 35

Two study made on plasticity in the Somatosensorycortex in Monkeys and human Brian.

There was a study made on plasticity the somatosensory cortex on Monkeys.
The Monkey’s had was mapped in the brain. The Monkey’s middle finger was amputated.

Researchers wnated to se what happen with the mapping of the cortical regions. they found that the same neurons are still but are responded to the finger that are left.

what does remapping feels like in humans. After a limb has been amputated people often experience a phantom limb.
The ansere lies in that body parts in hese maps takes over the neurons.

Question 36

If you are blind or becomes blind,what happens then? Is the somatosensory Cortex in the brain still as plastic?

Answer 36

in blind people the area of the brain receiving tactile info from their Braille reading finger has expanded comparedof the fingers of sighted subjects.

Question 37

Experience of a Phantom Limb

Answer 37

After a limb has been amputated people often experience a phantom limb. Experience of a Phantom Limb is the experience of feeling your lost limb if ts not there anymore. The neurons represented your finger ,arm,leg etc.

Question 38

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 38

Cortex is involved in socially appropriate behavior, general emotional regulation and processing rewards and punishments.

Question 39

medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 39

Is Involved in detecting erros ,monitory movements and activity.

Question 40

Ipsilateral fibers

Answer 40

Fibers that do not cross over the Corpus Callosum. They connect regions of the same hemisphere.

Question 41

Anterior Commissure

Answer 41

Located more anterior in the cerebral cortex in the anterior wall of the third ventricle . This part connects the two temporal lobes.

Question 42

Posterior Commissure

Answer 42

Located more towards the posterior part of the cerebral cortex in the posterior wall of the third ventricle.

Question 43

⦁ Association cortex.

Answer 43

Associate or integrate information from different modalities. This is where sensory information is further processed and where different modalities are combined; attention is shifted, planning occurs and memories are stored.

Question 44

cerebral cortex,Basal Ganglia ,Diencephalon

Answer 44

Conscious perception (awareness of sensory stimuli:Planning and execution of motor action (movement),higher cognitove or mental processes ,such as attention ,memory ,thought,alnguage ,social cognition.