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Finals - Neurology > Brain Tumours > Flashcards

Brain Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of brain tumour in adults?

A

Metastatic brain tumour

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2
Q

What are the most common locations from which tumours metastasise to the brain?

A 
Lung (most common)
Breast
Bowel
Skin (namely melanoma)
Kidney
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3
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumour in adults?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

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4
Q

What is the prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme?

A

Poor prognosis appox. 1 year

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5
Q

How does a glioblastoma multiforme appear on imaging?

A

Solid tumour with central necrosis and a rim that enhances with contrast.
Associated with vasogenic oedema.

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6
Q

What is the the histology of glioblastoma multiforme?

A

Pleomorphic tumour cells border necrotic areas

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7
Q

What is the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme?

A

Surgical excision with postoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
Dexamethosone is used to treat oedema.

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8
Q

What is the second most common brain tumour in adults?

A

Meningioma

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9
Q

What is the pathophysiology of meningioma?

A

Benign, extrinsic tumours of the CNS. Arise from the dura mater of the meninges and cause symptoms by compression rather than invasion.

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10
Q

What is the histology of meningioma?

A

Spindle cells in concentric whorls and calcified psammoma bodies.

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11
Q

What is the investigation of a meningioma?

A

CT (contrast enhancement) and MRI

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12
Q

What is the treatment of meningioma?

A

Observation
Radiotherapy
Surgical resection

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13
Q

What is the pathophysiology of vestibular schwannoma?

A

(Acoustic neuroma)
Benign tumour arising from the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)
Presents with hearing loss, facial nerve palsy and tinnitus.

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14
Q

What disease is associated with bilateral vestibular schwannoma?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

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15
Q

What is the histology of vestibular schwannoma?

A

Antoni A or B patterns

Verocay bodies

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16
Q

What is the treatment of vestibular schwannoma?

A

Observation
Radiotherapy
Surgery

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17
Q

What is the epidemiology of pilocytic astrocytoma?

A

Most common primary brain tumour in children

18
Q

What is the histology of pilocytic astrocytoma?

A

Rosenthal fibres (corkscrew eosinophilic bundle)

19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of medulloblastoma?

A

Aggressive paediatric brain tumour, arises within the infratnetorial compartment Spreads through the CFS system.
Treatment is surgical resection and chemotherapy.

20
Q

What is the histology of medulloblastoma?

A

Small, blue cells.

Rosette pattern of cells.

21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of ependymoma?

A

Commonly seen in 4th ventricle, may cause hydrocephalus.

22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of oligodendroma?

A

Benign, slow-growing tumour common in the frontal lobes.

23
Q

What is the histology of oligodendrome?

A

Calcifications with ‘fried-egg’ appearance.

24
Q

What is the pathophysiology of haemangioblastoma?

A

Vascular tumour of the cerebellum, associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

25
Q

What is the histology of haemangioblastoma?

A

Foam cells and high vascularity

26
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pituitary adenoma?

A

Benign tumours of the pituitary gland. Either secretory (producing hormone excess) or non-secretory.

27
Q

What hormones/diseases can be produced in access by a pituitary adenoma?

A

Prolactin - Prolactinoma

ACTH - Cushing’s disease

GH - Acromegaly

THS - Hyperthyroidism

(Can also lead to depletion)

28
Q

What visual defect can be caused by a pituitary adenoma?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia - compression of the optic chiasm.

29
Q

What are the investigations of pituitary adenoma?

A

Pituitary blood profile and MRI

30
Q

What is the treatment of a pituitary adenoma?

A

Hormonal or surgical (Transphenoidal resection)

31
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a craniopharyngioma?

A

Paediatric tumour

Solid/cystic tumour from remnants or Rathke’s pouch.

32
Q

How does a craniopharyngioma present?

A

Hydrocephalus
Bitemporal hemianopia
Hormonal disturbance

33
Q

What is the investigation of a craniopharyngioma?

A

Pituitary blood profile and MRI

34
Q

What is the treatment of craniopharyngioma?

A

Surgery with or without postoperative radiotherapy

35
Q

What are the three most common tumours in adults and what is the proportion of each?

A

60% - Glioma (primary) and metastatic disease
20% - Meningioma
10% - Pituitary lesions

36
Q

What are the most common tumours in children?

A

Astrocytomas

Medulloblastomas

37
Q

Tumours in which location can grow the largest without causing symptoms?

A

Frontal and Temporal lobe

38
Q

How are CNS tumours diagnosed?

A

MRI scanning

39
Q

Why might tumours still be resected if not curable?

A

Debulking can prevent raised ICP, increasing survival and QoL

40
Q

What tumours are typically easy to resect entirely?

A

Meningiomas

41
Q

What tumours have a propensity to attacking normal tissue?

A

Gliomas

Finals - Neurology (18 decks)

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