brain structures Flashcards
involved with balance and posture, coordinated and refined motor movements
cerebellum
responsible for attention to emotionally significant events, linking sensory input to emotions, mediating emotional reactions to pain, regulating aggressive behavior
cingulate gyrus
maintain body’s homeostasis
hypothalamus
adrenal medulla
core of adrenal gland, similar to functions of sympathetic nervous system, role in body’s reaction to stress
neurotransmitter involved with control of skeletal and smooth muscles, learning and memory, parasympathetic nervous system
ACh
alertness and duration of sleep affected by this neurotransmitter
serotonin
insular cortex
involved in speech and processing of autonomic and sensory info
substantia nigra
involved in control of mvmt, part of basal ganglia
entorhinal cortex
plays a role (w/hippocampus) in memory consolidation, one of first areas affected by Alzheimer’s
damage to left hemisphere
catastrophic reaction to benign events
damage to rt hemisphere
increased talkativeness, excessive cheerfulness, or decreased fear and anger, or indifference and apathy
alpha waves
states of restful relaxation
beta waves
awake, alert states
delta waves
stage 3 and 4 sleep (deep sleep)
theta waves
deep relaxation and drowsiness, predominant during stage 2 sleep
extrapyramidal system
neurons involved in mvmt
reticular activating system
within the brainstem, within the reticular formation, connects to the thalamus, involved in motivation and arousal, sleep-wake cycle
lateral geniculate nucleus
relay center in thalamus, involved in vision information
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
“primary circadian pacemaker” in mammals, in hypothalamus
ARAS
sensory screening system
Huntington’s symptoms
motor/cog/psychiatric sx: jerky involuntary mvmt, facial grimace, restlessness, general weakness, impaired memory/judgment, depression
parkinson’s symptoms
resting tremor, rigidity, slowed movement, impaired balance and coordination, depression
agranulocytosis
can be caused by atypical antipsychotics (clozapine), risk of serious infection, sore throat, fever
Multiple Sclerosis
degeneration of myelin surrounding nerve fibers in CNS, optic neuritis, fatigue, motor impairments, sensory abnormalities –> deficits in memory, reasoning, concentration, speech problems, sexual dysfunction
side effects of Naltrexone
nausea, cramping, vomiting, joint pain, headache, insomnia, nervousness
effects of too much or too little dopamine
too much can be involved in Schizophrenia and tourettes, too little (in basal ganglia) inv in parkinsons
seratonin
sleep/alertness, arousal, hunger, pain, mood, temperature, inhibits behavior
disorders associated with issues in seratonin
Depression, Bipolar Disorder, OCD, Schizophrenia
involved in anxiety, sleep, seizures
GABA
neurotransmitter associated with Huntington’s
low levels of GABA in motor region
area of brain that affects prosopagnosia
fusiform gyrus, lesions at junction of occipital, parietal, temporal lobe
Korsakoff Syndrome
due to thiamine deficiency, begins with Wernicke’s encephalopathy: mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia; then Korsakoff’s syndrome: severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation
system that spurs dev of secondary sex characteristics
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
MAOIs
oldest antidepressants, good for atypical depression, work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which is involved in deactivating dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, risks include hypertensive crisis
hypertensive crisis
from using MAOIs with barbituates, amphetamines, antihistamines or foods with tyramine. sx include stiff neck, vomiting, sweating, sensitivity to light, rapid heart rate, headache
hippocampus
in temp lobe, important in spatial and explicit memories, consolidation of declarative memories
ataxia
damage to cerebellum, slurred speech, tremor, loss of balance
methylphenidate
stimulants, concerta/ritalin/metadate, side effects incl decrease appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, growth suppression
medulla
hindbrain structure, controls flow of info btwn spinal cord and brain, regulates breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
Broca’s aphasia
intact receptive language, inability to produce written or verbal
Wernicke’s aphasia
inability to understand language, fluid meaningless speech
Beta Blockers
diminish cardiovascular excitatory response to norepinephrine and epinephrine, side effects incl. nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, bradycardia, decreased sexual ability, difficulty sleeping
apraxia
damage to parietal lobe, difficulty w skilled motor mvmt in absence of impaired motor functioning
Gerstmann’s syndrome
finger agnosia, right-left confusion, acalculia, agraphia
illnessess related to basal ganglia
parkinson’s, huntington’s, OCD, ADHD, tourrette’s
neuroleptic malignant syndrome cause and symptoms
atypical antipsychotics (clozapine) and traditional antipsychotics, rapid onset of tachycardia, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness
tricyclic antidepressants
(TCAs) imipramine, clomipramine, block reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine and/or seratonin, side effects include serious anticholinergic effects, heart symptoms
imipramine use
TCA, useful for enuresis
clomipramine use
TCA, useful for bulimia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD
traditional antipsychotics
helpful for positive symptoms, block Dopamine, can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome, extrapyramidal effects, anticholinergic
anticholinergic effects
TCAs and traditional antipsychotics, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), urinary retention, constipation, memory impairment, and confusion.
emotion areas of brain
Areas of the brain that have been implicated in the regulation of emotion include the amygdala (which plays a role in the perception and expression of anger, fear, sadness, happiness, and other emotions and attaches emotion to memories), the hypothalamus (which is involved in the translation of emotions into physical responses), and the cerebral cortex. With regard to the latter, the left hemisphere governs happiness and other positive emotions, while the right hemisphere mediates sadness, fear, and other negative emotions.
learning and memory areas of brain
Areas of the brain involved in learning and memory include: (1) The temporal lobes which encode, store, and retrieve of long-term declarative memories. (2) The hippocampus consolidates of long-term declarative memories (transferring information from short-term to long-term memory). (3) The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning, learning about rewards and punishments, and adding emotional significance to memories. (4) The prefrontal cortex is associated with short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory. (5) The thalamus is involved in processing information and transferring it to the neocortex.
if sx last more than this amount from concussion, they may be permanent
1 year
caudate nucleus
part of basal ganglia, excessive dopamine activity associated w Tourettes, atrophy associated with Huntington’s
sx of ALS
twitching, cramping or stiffness of muscles, muscle weakness, slurred speech
amitriptyline use
TCA, neuropathic pain
