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EPPP > brain structures > Flashcards

brain structures Flashcards

1
Q

involved with balance and posture, coordinated and refined motor movements

A

cerebellum

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2
Q

responsible for attention to emotionally significant events, linking sensory input to emotions, mediating emotional reactions to pain, regulating aggressive behavior

A

cingulate gyrus

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3
Q

maintain body’s homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

adrenal medulla

A

core of adrenal gland, similar to functions of sympathetic nervous system, role in body’s reaction to stress

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5
Q

neurotransmitter involved with control of skeletal and smooth muscles, learning and memory, parasympathetic nervous system

A

ACh

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6
Q

alertness and duration of sleep affected by this neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

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7
Q

insular cortex

A

involved in speech and processing of autonomic and sensory info

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8
Q

substantia nigra

A

involved in control of mvmt, part of basal ganglia

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9
Q

entorhinal cortex

A

plays a role (w/hippocampus) in memory consolidation, one of first areas affected by Alzheimer’s

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10
Q

damage to left hemisphere

A

catastrophic reaction to benign events

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11
Q

damage to rt hemisphere

A

increased talkativeness, excessive cheerfulness, or decreased fear and anger, or indifference and apathy

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12
Q

alpha waves

A

states of restful relaxation

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13
Q

beta waves

A

awake, alert states

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14
Q

delta waves

A

stage 3 and 4 sleep (deep sleep)

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15
Q

theta waves

A

deep relaxation and drowsiness, predominant during stage 2 sleep

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16
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

neurons involved in mvmt

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17
Q

reticular activating system

A

within the brainstem, within the reticular formation, connects to the thalamus, involved in motivation and arousal, sleep-wake cycle

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18
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

relay center in thalamus, involved in vision information

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19
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

“primary circadian pacemaker” in mammals, in hypothalamus

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20
Q

ARAS

A

sensory screening system

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21
Q

Huntington’s symptoms

A

motor/cog/psychiatric sx: jerky involuntary mvmt, facial grimace, restlessness, general weakness, impaired memory/judgment, depression

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22
Q

parkinson’s symptoms

A

resting tremor, rigidity, slowed movement, impaired balance and coordination, depression

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23
Q

agranulocytosis

A

can be caused by atypical antipsychotics (clozapine), risk of serious infection, sore throat, fever

24
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

degeneration of myelin surrounding nerve fibers in CNS, optic neuritis, fatigue, motor impairments, sensory abnormalities –> deficits in memory, reasoning, concentration, speech problems, sexual dysfunction

25
Q

side effects of Naltrexone

A

nausea, cramping, vomiting, joint pain, headache, insomnia, nervousness

26
Q

effects of too much or too little dopamine

A

too much can be involved in Schizophrenia and tourettes, too little (in basal ganglia) inv in parkinsons

27
Q

seratonin

A

sleep/alertness, arousal, hunger, pain, mood, temperature, inhibits behavior

28
Q

disorders associated with issues in seratonin

A

Depression, Bipolar Disorder, OCD, Schizophrenia

29
Q

involved in anxiety, sleep, seizures

A

GABA

30
Q

neurotransmitter associated with Huntington’s

A

low levels of GABA in motor region

31
Q

area of brain that affects prosopagnosia

A

fusiform gyrus, lesions at junction of occipital, parietal, temporal lobe

32
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

due to thiamine deficiency, begins with Wernicke’s encephalopathy: mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia; then Korsakoff’s syndrome: severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation

33
Q

system that spurs dev of secondary sex characteristics

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

34
Q

MAOIs

A

oldest antidepressants, good for atypical depression, work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which is involved in deactivating dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, risks include hypertensive crisis

35
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

from using MAOIs with barbituates, amphetamines, antihistamines or foods with tyramine. sx include stiff neck, vomiting, sweating, sensitivity to light, rapid heart rate, headache

36
Q

hippocampus

A

in temp lobe, important in spatial and explicit memories, consolidation of declarative memories

37
Q

ataxia

A

damage to cerebellum, slurred speech, tremor, loss of balance

38
Q

methylphenidate

A

stimulants, concerta/ritalin/metadate, side effects incl decrease appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, growth suppression

39
Q

medulla

A

hindbrain structure, controls flow of info btwn spinal cord and brain, regulates breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

40
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

intact receptive language, inability to produce written or verbal

41
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

inability to understand language, fluid meaningless speech

42
Q

Beta Blockers

A

diminish cardiovascular excitatory response to norepinephrine and epinephrine, side effects incl. nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, bradycardia, decreased sexual ability, difficulty sleeping

43
Q

apraxia

A

damage to parietal lobe, difficulty w skilled motor mvmt in absence of impaired motor functioning

44
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

finger agnosia, right-left confusion, acalculia, agraphia

45
Q

illnessess related to basal ganglia

A

parkinson’s, huntington’s, OCD, ADHD, tourrette’s

46
Q

neuroleptic malignant syndrome cause and symptoms

A

atypical antipsychotics (clozapine) and traditional antipsychotics, rapid onset of tachycardia, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness

47
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

(TCAs) imipramine, clomipramine, block reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine and/or seratonin, side effects include serious anticholinergic effects, heart symptoms

48
Q

imipramine use

A

TCA, useful for enuresis

49
Q

clomipramine use

A

TCA, useful for bulimia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD

50
Q

traditional antipsychotics

A

helpful for positive symptoms, block Dopamine, can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome, extrapyramidal effects, anticholinergic

51
Q

anticholinergic effects

A

TCAs and traditional antipsychotics, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), urinary retention, constipation, memory impairment, and confusion.

52
Q

emotion areas of brain

A

Areas of the brain that have been implicated in the regulation of emotion include the amygdala (which plays a role in the perception and expression of anger, fear, sadness, happiness, and other emotions and attaches emotion to memories), the hypothalamus (which is involved in the translation of emotions into physical responses), and the cerebral cortex. With regard to the latter, the left hemisphere governs happiness and other positive emotions, while the right hemisphere mediates sadness, fear, and other negative emotions.

53
Q

learning and memory areas of brain

A

Areas of the brain involved in learning and memory include: (1) The temporal lobes which encode, store, and retrieve of long-term declarative memories. (2) The hippocampus consolidates of long-term declarative memories (transferring information from short-term to long-term memory). (3) The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning, learning about rewards and punishments, and adding emotional significance to memories. (4) The prefrontal cortex is associated with short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory. (5) The thalamus is involved in processing information and transferring it to the neocortex.

54
Q

if sx last more than this amount from concussion, they may be permanent

A

1 year

55
Q

caudate nucleus

A

part of basal ganglia, excessive dopamine activity associated w Tourettes, atrophy associated with Huntington’s

56
Q

sx of ALS

A

twitching, cramping or stiffness of muscles, muscle weakness, slurred speech

57
Q

amitriptyline use

A

TCA, neuropathic pain

EPPP (10 decks)

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