brain structures

Question 1

involved with balance and posture, coordinated and refined motor movements

Answer 1

cerebellum

Question 2

responsible for attention to emotionally significant events, linking sensory input to emotions, mediating emotional reactions to pain, regulating aggressive behavior

Answer 2

cingulate gyrus

Question 3

maintain body’s homeostasis

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

adrenal medulla

Answer 4

core of adrenal gland, similar to functions of sympathetic nervous system, role in body’s reaction to stress

Question 5

neurotransmitter involved with control of skeletal and smooth muscles, learning and memory, parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

ACh

Question 6

alertness and duration of sleep affected by this neurotransmitter

Answer 6

serotonin

Question 7

insular cortex

Answer 7

involved in speech and processing of autonomic and sensory info

Question 8

substantia nigra

Answer 8

involved in control of mvmt, part of basal ganglia

Question 9

entorhinal cortex

Answer 9

plays a role (w/hippocampus) in memory consolidation, one of first areas affected by Alzheimer’s

Question 10

damage to left hemisphere

Answer 10

catastrophic reaction to benign events

Question 11

damage to rt hemisphere

Answer 11

increased talkativeness, excessive cheerfulness, or decreased fear and anger, or indifference and apathy

Question 12

alpha waves

Answer 12

states of restful relaxation

Question 13

beta waves

Answer 13

awake, alert states

Question 14

delta waves

Answer 14

stage 3 and 4 sleep (deep sleep)

Question 15

theta waves

Answer 15

deep relaxation and drowsiness, predominant during stage 2 sleep

Question 16

extrapyramidal system

Answer 16

neurons involved in mvmt

Question 17

reticular activating system

Answer 17

within the brainstem, within the reticular formation, connects to the thalamus, involved in motivation and arousal, sleep-wake cycle

Question 18

lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 18

relay center in thalamus, involved in vision information

Question 19

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 19

“primary circadian pacemaker” in mammals, in hypothalamus

Question 20

ARAS

Answer 20

sensory screening system

Question 21

Huntington’s symptoms

Answer 21

motor/cog/psychiatric sx: jerky involuntary mvmt, facial grimace, restlessness, general weakness, impaired memory/judgment, depression

Question 22

parkinson’s symptoms

Answer 22

resting tremor, rigidity, slowed movement, impaired balance and coordination, depression

Question 23

agranulocytosis

Answer 23

can be caused by atypical antipsychotics (clozapine), risk of serious infection, sore throat, fever

Question 24

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 24

degeneration of myelin surrounding nerve fibers in CNS, optic neuritis, fatigue, motor impairments, sensory abnormalities –> deficits in memory, reasoning, concentration, speech problems, sexual dysfunction

Question 25

side effects of Naltrexone

Answer 25

nausea, cramping, vomiting, joint pain, headache, insomnia, nervousness

Question 26

effects of too much or too little dopamine

Answer 26

too much can be involved in Schizophrenia and tourettes, too little (in basal ganglia) inv in parkinsons

Question 27

seratonin

Answer 27

sleep/alertness, arousal, hunger, pain, mood, temperature, inhibits behavior

Question 28

disorders associated with issues in seratonin

Answer 28

Depression, Bipolar Disorder, OCD, Schizophrenia

Question 29

involved in anxiety, sleep, seizures

Answer 29

GABA

Question 30

neurotransmitter associated with Huntington's

Answer 30

low levels of GABA in motor region

Question 31

area of brain that affects prosopagnosia

Answer 31

fusiform gyrus, lesions at junction of occipital, parietal, temporal lobe

Question 32

Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 32

due to thiamine deficiency, begins with Wernicke's encephalopathy: mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia; then Korsakoff's syndrome: severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation

Question 33

system that spurs dev of secondary sex characteristics

Answer 33

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

Question 34

MAOIs

Answer 34

oldest antidepressants, good for atypical depression, work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which is involved in deactivating dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, risks include hypertensive crisis

Question 35

hypertensive crisis

Answer 35

from using MAOIs with barbituates, amphetamines, antihistamines or foods with tyramine. sx include stiff neck, vomiting, sweating, sensitivity to light, rapid heart rate, headache

Question 36

hippocampus

Answer 36

in temp lobe, important in spatial and explicit memories, consolidation of declarative memories

Question 37

ataxia

Answer 37

damage to cerebellum, slurred speech, tremor, loss of balance

Question 38

methylphenidate

Answer 38

stimulants, concerta/ritalin/metadate, side effects incl decrease appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, growth suppression

Question 39

medulla

Answer 39

hindbrain structure, controls flow of info btwn spinal cord and brain, regulates breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

Question 40

Broca's aphasia

Answer 40

intact receptive language, inability to produce written or verbal

Question 41

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 41

inability to understand language, fluid meaningless speech

Question 42

Beta Blockers

Answer 42

diminish cardiovascular excitatory response to norepinephrine and epinephrine, side effects incl. nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, bradycardia, decreased sexual ability, difficulty sleeping

Question 43

apraxia

Answer 43

damage to parietal lobe, difficulty w skilled motor mvmt in absence of impaired motor functioning

Question 44

Gerstmann's syndrome

Answer 44

finger agnosia, right-left confusion, acalculia, agraphia

Question 45

illnessess related to basal ganglia

Answer 45

parkinson's, huntington's, OCD, ADHD, tourrette's

Question 46

neuroleptic malignant syndrome cause and symptoms

Answer 46

atypical antipsychotics (clozapine) and traditional antipsychotics, rapid onset of tachycardia, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness

Question 47

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 47

(TCAs) imipramine, clomipramine, block reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine and/or seratonin, side effects include serious anticholinergic effects, heart symptoms

Question 48

imipramine use

Answer 48

TCA, useful for enuresis

Question 49

clomipramine use

Answer 49

TCA, useful for bulimia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD

Question 50

traditional antipsychotics

Answer 50

helpful for positive symptoms, block Dopamine, can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome, extrapyramidal effects, anticholinergic

Question 51

anticholinergic effects

Answer 51

TCAs and traditional antipsychotics, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), urinary retention, constipation, memory impairment, and confusion.

Question 52

emotion areas of brain

Answer 52

Areas of the brain that have been implicated in the regulation of emotion include the amygdala (which plays a role in the perception and expression of anger, fear, sadness, happiness, and other emotions and attaches emotion to memories), the hypothalamus (which is involved in the translation of emotions into physical responses), and the cerebral cortex. With regard to the latter, the left hemisphere governs happiness and other positive emotions, while the right hemisphere mediates sadness, fear, and other negative emotions.

Question 53

learning and memory areas of brain

Answer 53

Areas of the brain involved in learning and memory include: (1) The temporal lobes which encode, store, and retrieve of long-term declarative memories. (2) The hippocampus consolidates of long-term declarative memories (transferring information from short-term to long-term memory). (3) The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning, learning about rewards and punishments, and adding emotional significance to memories. (4) The prefrontal cortex is associated with short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory. (5) The thalamus is involved in processing information and transferring it to the neocortex.

Question 54

if sx last more than this amount from concussion, they may be permanent

Answer 54

1 year

Question 55

caudate nucleus

Answer 55

part of basal ganglia, excessive dopamine activity associated w Tourettes, atrophy associated with Huntington's

Question 56

sx of ALS

Answer 56

twitching, cramping or stiffness of muscles, muscle weakness, slurred speech

Question 57

amitriptyline use

Answer 57

TCA, neuropathic pain