brain + PNS Flashcards by Synnie Pan

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves that carry
sensory info to CNS and
send info from CNS to
muscles and glands

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Somatic Nervous System

Largely under
voluntary/conscious control.
* Examples: Your decision
to
 Read
 Walk
 Eat

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Autonomic Nervous
System

Under automatic or
involuntary control
 Made up of motor nerves
 These nerves either stimulate
or inhibit glands or cardiac or smooth muscle

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what system Maintains
homeostasis of the
internal body
environment by
adapting to
changes and
situations
externally

the autonomic nervous system

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what is the the autonomic nervous system controlled by

-hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

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Autonomic Nervous
System divided into what two divisons

-Sympathetic- prepare
body for stress
2.Parasympathetic-
restores normal

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Sympathetic Nervous System
On Switch

Typically activated in
stressful situations
 Referred to as the
fight-or-flight
response
-body experience increased heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure
So body can get more more oxygen and glucose to muscles

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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Off Switch

Activated when body is calm and at rest, Acts to restore and conserve energy,
rest and digest
* decreasing heart rate
* decrease blood pressure
* decrease breathing rate
* Uses acetylcholine to control organ responses

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what is a major parasympathetic nerve

Major parasympathetic nerve is the VAGUS nerve

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response heart

-s: heart rate uo
-p:heart rate down

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response digestive

-s: peristalsis down
-p:peristalisis up

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response liver

-s:release of glucose up
-p:release of glucose down

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response eye

-s:dilates pupil
-p:constricts pupil

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response bum

-s: relaxes sphincter
-p:contracts sphincter

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response skin

-s:low blood flow
-p:high blood flow

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response adrenal gland

-s: causes release of epinephrine
-p: no effect

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response urination

-s: inhibits
-p: stimulates

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic response AKA

s: fight or flight
p: rest and digest

The Spinal Cord

Primary reflex
center
 Surrounded by
the vertebrae
and
cerebrospinal
fluid for
protection
 Damage can
result in paralysis

Protection Of Brain

Skull- bony armour around brain
Meninges- three layers of tough,
elastic tissue within the skull and
spinal column that directly
enclose the brain and spinal cord prevent the direct circulation of
blood through cells of brain and spinal cord
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
semi-permeable membrane that
separates the blood from the brain’s
extracellular fluid Large molecules like bacteria cannot pass through the BBB thus protecting
the brain

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Dense, clear liquid
made from blood plasma
 A shock absorber and
cushion to brain
 Found in ventricles of
brain and spinal cord
 Transports hormones,
white blood cells and
nutrients to brain and
spinal cord

what three sections can the brain be divided into

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

what structures are in the forebrain

-Cerebrum
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus

Cerebrum (forebrain)

largest part of brain, accounts for more that 85% of weight!
-divided into 2 hemispheres (left and right)
-interprets and controls response to sensory info
-contains centers for intellect, memory, consciousness,
language

Cerebral Cortex

outer covering of cerebrum made of grey matter -highly convoluted (folded) -divided into right and left hemispheres -responsible for language, memory, personality, vision, conscious thought, other activities associated with thinking and feeling

Corpus callosum

allows communication between two hemispheres

left brain vs right brain

-left brain is usability and analytic -right brain is design and creativity

Cerebral Cortex is divided into what

-4 lobes -frontal, paritel, occipitcal, tempural

frontal lobe

found at the front of cereburm Control reasoning, critical thinking, memory, and personality * Role in language use * Contain motor areas that control precise, voluntary movement (like piano playing)

Parietal Lobe

Found at top of head like a head band  Receive and process sensory info from the skin  Processes info about taste as well

Temporal Lobes

Associated with:  Vision  Hearing  Linked to understanding speech and retrieving visual and verbal memories

Occipital Lobes

Receives and analyzes visual information

Thalamus

at base of forebrain -often referred to as the “great relay station of the brain” -consists of neurons that provide connections between hindbrain and forebrain, and areas of sensory system (except smell) and cerebellum All information from your body's senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain's cerebral cortex for interpretation

Hypothalamus

below thalamus - helps regulate body’s internal environment as well as certain aspects of behaviour - controls blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, emotions (fear, rage, pleasure), basic drives (thirst, hunger) - major link between nervous and endocrine system

Midbrain

Found above the pons in the brainstem  Relays visual and auditory info between hindbrain and forebrain  Plays important role in eye movement and control of skeletal muscles

what does the hindbrain include

-Cerebellum -Medulla oblongata -Pons

Cerebellum

-unconscious control of posture, reflexes, body movements, fine and voluntary motor skills (like riding a bike or writing). -receives info from proprioreceptors within skeletal muscles and joints

Medulla oblongata

connects brain to spinal cord  controls automatic, involuntary responses like breathing rate, heart rate, constriction or dilation of blood vessels to control blood pressure, swallowing and coughing

Pons

relay center between right and left halves of cerebrum, the cerebellum and the rest of the brain