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Developmental Biology > Brain Growth > Flashcards

Brain Growth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Birthday of a neuron

A

When the cell that differentiates into the neuron undergoes it’s last mitotic division

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2
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles in brain development?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
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3
Q

What are the 5 secondary vesicles in brain development?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
    1 & 2 are made from the forebrain, 3 is made from the midbrain, and 4 & 5 are made from the hindbrain
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4
Q

How many cells does the human brain have?

A

~170 billion cells (an equal number of neurons and glia cells)

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5
Q

Neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiate into…

2 things primarily

A
  1. Radial glia, which differentiate into neurons, oligodendrocytes, or astrocytes.
  2. Ependymal cells which secrete spinal fluid and detect changes in the spinal fluids
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6
Q

EMPs (stem cells from the yolk sac) differentiate into…

A

Macrophage –> microglia involved in the immune system

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7
Q

What are the 2 functions of radial glia?

A
  1. neuronal stem cells - capable of self renewal and multipotent generation of neurons and glia.
  2. Scaffold - allow for proper migration of NPCs and newborn cells as the brain is growing
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8
Q

The two functions of glial cells are…

A
  1. holding everything together structurally

2. myelination

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9
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A
  • oligodendricytes are in the CNS and Schwann cells are in the PNS
  • wrap around a neuron to make a myelin sheath
    • this helps prevent electric dispersion and facilitates
      conduction
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10
Q

Astrocytes (3 functions)

A
  1. The blood brain barrier - prevents some things from the PNS from getting into the CNS
  2. Respond to inflammation in the CNS
  3. Support synapse homeostasis and neuronal transmission (electrical potential)
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11
Q

Microglia development

A

Arise from stem cells in the CNS (not neuronal epithelial cells)
From the yolk sac (EMPs)
Migrate from the yolk sac to the CNS before the blood brain barrier closes.

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12
Q

4 functions of microglia

A
  1. immunity - inflammation and phagocytosis
  2. embryogenesis - modulate cell # and wiring
  3. postnatal development -synapse development
  4. adulthood - involved in neurodegenerative diseases
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13
Q

What are the 3 zone patterns in the spine?

A
  1. ventricular zone - next to the lumen, continue to divide in order to form the next layer
  2. Mantle (intermediate zone) - grey matter, contains cell bodies.
  3. Marginal zone (outer) - white matter, comprised of myelinated axons and a few neuronal cell bodies
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14
Q

Which side of the spinal cord gets sensory input?

A

Dorsal

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15
Q

which side of the spinal cord distributes motor functions?

A

Ventral

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16
Q

How is the cerebellum organized? (written inner –> outer)

A
  1. Ventricular zone
  2. Mantle zone
  3. Bergmann Glia
  4. Internal granule layer - made by BMP signalling
  5. Purkinje layer - secrete Shh which are involved in the division of granule cells
  6. Marginal zone
  7. Outer granule layer
17
Q

What will happen if SHOX2 is knocked out?

A

there will be a decrease in Shh therefore there will be a large amount of BMPs so migration and differentiation will begin early. Loss of proper motor control due to improper cerebellum development

18
Q

How is Shh involved in brain development?

A

Shh promotes proliferation of granular cells

19
Q

How are BMPs involved in brain development?

A

After Shh is done with proliferation, BMPs promote differentiation and migration of cells to their proper place

20
Q

What is the layout of the cerebral cortex? (from the ventricle to the molecular layer, 6)

A
  1. Ventricular zone
  2. Sub-ventricular zone
  3. Mantle zone
  4. Cortical plate
  5. Marginal zone
  6. Molecular layer
21
Q

What order does the cerebral cortex develop?

A

inside out. ie, layer 6 then layer 5 and so on

22
Q

What molecule is used for birth-dating a neuron?

A

3H-thymidine

  • it marks all mitotic cells during S phase
  • staining fades as the cell divides more
  • you’ll find neurons born first will be closer to the inside and neurons born later will be along the edge
23
Q

How to newborn neurons migrate?

A

They lose their adhesion molecules for the germinal layer cells and gain adhesion molecules (like Reelin) that attach it to the glia to migrate, the direction it migrates in is regulated by paracrine factors (like BDNF)

24
Q

If a daughter cell receives more of a certain molecule it will remain a stem cell. Which molecule is this and why doe it remain a stem cell?

A
  • More Par-3 causes the daughter cell to be a stem cell
  • due to higher Notch signalling it remains attached to the ventricular zone
  • the daughter cell with less Par-3 and less Notch signalling will migrate away to become a neuron
25
Q

What are the 6 ways humans are different from other species in brain development?

A
  1. Cerebral cortical folding
  2. human-specific RNA genes
  3. high transcription levels
  4. Human-specific alleles of developmental regulatory genes
  5. Brain maturation is continues into adulthood
  6. Humans add neurons to the neocortex very rapidly during the first few years after birth

Developmental Biology (12 decks)

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