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Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does the notochordal process induce formation of? With what molecule?

A

Neural plate

Sonic Hedge Hog (SHH)

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2
Q

When does primary neurulation occur?

A

Day 22-23

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3
Q

What neuropore closes on day 25?

A

Rostral neuropore

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4
Q

When does the caudal neuropore close?

A

Day 27/28

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5
Q

What parts of the CNS form during primary neurulation?

A

Brain => Lumbar SC

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6
Q

When does secondary neurulation occur?

A

Days 20-42

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7
Q

What forms during secondary neurulation?

A

Caudal eminence => Sacrum and coccyx

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8
Q

What germ layer do microglial cells arise from?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

What part of the neural tube forms the brain?

A

Neural tube cranial to 4th somites

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10
Q

3 primary brain vesicles

A

Proencephalon - forebrain

Mesencephalon - midbrain

Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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11
Q

What primary brain vesicles divide in the 5th week?

A

Forebrain - Prosencephalon

Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon

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12
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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13
Q

What does the rhombencephalon divide into?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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14
Q

What ventricles do the divisions of the prosencephalon contain?

A

Telencephalon - Lateral ventricle

Diencephalon - 3rd ventricle

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15
Q

What does the cervical flexure divide?

A

Hindbrain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What does the pontine flexure divide?

A

Divides hindbrain into caudal myelecephalon and rostral metencephalon

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17
Q

What does the cephalic flexure divide?

A

Midbrain and forebrain

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18
Q

When does development of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex occur?

A

Between weeks 6 and 32

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19
Q

What does the metencephalon give rise to?

A

Cerebellum and pons

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20
Q

What does the myelencephalon give rise to?

A

Medulla oblongata structures - olive, pyramid

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21
Q

Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres during development can result in what disorder?

A

Holoprosencephaly

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22
Q

Patient presents with epilepsy, headache, abnormal movements. Upon examination, he has a reduced frontonasal prominence and a cleft lip as well as some developmental delay. What disorder does he most likely have?

A

Holoprosencephaly

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23
Q

What embryological layer gives rise to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

First Arch ectoderm

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24
Q

What embryological layer gives rise to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Neuroectoderm

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25
What part of the pituitary gland arises from the diencephalic floor?
Posterior lobe
26
What gives rise to sensory neurons that remain contained within the CNS?
Alar plate
27
What is the division between the alar and basal plates?
Sulcus limitans
28
What is the embryological origin of motor neurons that leave the CNS to go out to skeletal muscle?
Basal plate
29
What is the embryological origin of preganglionic autonomics?
30
What layer of the spinal cord are the ependymal and choroid plexus cells located?
Ventricular layer (Line the ventricles and central canal)
31
What cells are contained within the intermediate layer (mantle zone)?
Neurons Astrocytes Glioblasts =\> glial cells
32
What layer of the spinal cord are oligodendrocytes and the neuronal axons located?
Marginal zone
33
What are the GSE CNs?
3, 4, 6, 12 (midline)
34
What are the SVE CNs?
5, 7, 9, 10
35
What nuclei are located within the motor region of the upper myelencephalon?
Hypoglossal nucleus (most medial) Dorsal motor vagal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus
36
What nuclei are located in the sensory region of the upper myelencephalon?
Vestibular nucleus Cochlear nucleus (most lateral) Solitary nucleus Spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus
37
What nuclei are located in the sensory region of the lower myelencephalon?
Cuneate and gracile nuclei
38
What nuclei arise from the alar plate in the metencephalon?
Cochlear nuclei Vestibular nuclei Solitary nuclei Pontine nuclei
39
What nuclei arise from the basal plate in the metencephalon?
Abducens nuclei (most medial) Facial motor nucleus Trigeminal motor nucleus Superior salivatory nucleus
40
What part of the mesencephalon does the alar plate give rise to?
Superior and inferior colliculi
41
What nuclei arise from the basal plates of the mesencephalon?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus Red nucleus Oculomotor nucleus Trochlear nucleus
42
Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to what?
Corticospinal tract adjacent to ventricles
43
Athetoid cerebral palsy is caused by damage to what?
Basal ganglion
44
Damage to the basal ganglion and VL thalamus can cause what disorder?
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
45
Damage to the cerebellum can cause what kind of cerebral palsy?
Ataxic
46
What major structure is the caudate nucleus located adjacent to?
Lateral ventricle
47
What disorder is found here?
Syringomyelia/Arnold-Chiari Type 1
48
What disorder is syringomyelia highly associated with?
Chiari Type I
49
What levels are syrinx formations generally found?
C2-T9
50
Pt with a neurological disorder is seen walking on her toes with her knees and hips flexed. What disorder does she most likely have?
Spastic cerebral palsy
51
What is the difference between hemiplegia and diplegia?
Hemiplegia - affects both limbs on one side of body Diplegia - affects lower limbs more than upper limbs
52
How would a patient with athetoid cerebral palsy present?
Slow, writhing movements of extremities and/or trunk
53
A patient with cerebral palsy shows incoordination, weakness, and shaking during voluntary movement. What kind is this?
Ataxic
54
20 y/o patient presents with headache, difficulty moving his tongue, and dizziness with decreased hearing. What disorder does he most likely have?
Arnold-Chiari Type 1
55
What disorder is found here?
Hydranencephaly
56
What structures are still intact in hydraencephaly?
Brainstem
57
During development, when does the cortex begin folding in on itself?
6th and 7th months gestation
58
What lamina appears largest in sensory areas?
Lamina IV (input from thalamus)
59
What lamina appears largest in motor areas?
Lamina V (output to subcortical structures: brainstem, spinal cord, basal ganglia)
60
Development of which laminae occurs first?
VI and V (deep layers from the cortical plate)
61
Which lamina is formed last?
Lamina II (from subplate)
62
Failure of neuronal migration during weeks 12-24 can result in what brain disorder?
Lissencephaly (agyria, smooth brain)
63
What is Lissencephaly characterized by?
Microcephaly Ventriculomegaly Minimal operculum of insula Complete/partial agenesis of corpus collosum
64
Fetal brain injury by what microorganisms can cause microcephaly?
Cytomegalovirus Rubella Toxoplasma gondii
65
What are the layers of the cerebellum?
Pia mater Cerebellar cortex Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granular layer White matter Cerebellar nucleus
66
What is the embryological origin of the spinal ganglion cells and sensory neurons in the periphery?
Neural Crest Cells
67
What is the embryological origin of the motor neurons in the PNS?
Neuroectoderm
68
When does CNS myelination occur?
6th month gestation through puberty
69
When does PNS myelination occur?
4th month (motor before sensory)
70
What vitamin can prevent spina bifida?
Folic Acid

NS Exam 2 (12 decks)

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