Brain and Nervous System Flashcards
Central nervous system interacts with the rest of the body via the _.
peripheral nervous system
Central Nervous System
The brain develops from three bulges: _, _, _.
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Three Bulges of the Brain
_ is the forebrain.
Prosencephalon
Three Bulges of the Brain
_ is the midbrain.
Mesencephalon
Three Bulges of the Brain
_ is hindbrain.
Rhombencephalon
Central Nervous System
All neurons connect to and interact with
_.
other neurons
- The function of the neuron within the nervous system depends on theconnections to that neuron.
- The functions and structure of the brain have been shaped by evolution.
Getting Oriented in the Brain
There are specialized terms for directions within the nervous system:
Rostral – Caudal: Nose – tail axis
Dorsal – Ventral: Back – belly axis
Anterior – Posterior: Front – back axis
Superior – Inferior: Top – bottom axis
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the nose-tail axis.
Rostral-caudal
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the back-belly axis.
Dorsal-Ventral
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the front-back axis.
Anterior-Posterior
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is top-bottom axis.
Superior-Interior
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the direction towards the middle.
Medial
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ the direction towards the side.
Lateral
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the direction on the same side.
Ipsilateral
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the direction on the opposite side.
Contralateral
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the direction far end of the limb.
Distal
Getting Oriented in the Brain
_ is the direction nearest point of the limb, where it attaches to the body.
Proximal
Getting Oriented in the Brain: Common Planes
_ is a horizontal slice, parallel to the floor when standing up, from the front to the back of the brain.
Axial
Getting Oriented in the Brain: Common Planes
_ is a vertical slice through the brain, separating the left side from the right side.
Saggital
Getting Oriented in the Brain: Common Planes
_ is a vertical slice, separating the front from the back of the brain.
Frontal (Coronal)
_ is a separate systems for the inner and outer environments; is a nervous system with segmental organization.
The Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
_ collect information from outside and inside the body.
Sensory neurons
Peripheral Nervous System
_ carry singals to the muscles to enable movement.
Motor neurons
Peripheral Nervous System
_ are specialized chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells.
Neurotransmitters
Peripheral Nervous System
_ deals with external world, where sensory and motor neurons carry information about voluntary movement and conscious awareness.
Somatic Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
_ deals with internal world where sensory and motor neurons guide automatic processes.
Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
_ gets the body ready to react to threats and increases heart and respiration rates and increases blood pressure.
Sympathetic Branch
Peripheral Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
_ calms the body and slows heart and respiration rate and increased digestion.
Parasympathetic Branch
Nervous System: Segmental Organization
The spine is divided into four segments:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumpar
Sacral
Nervous System: Segmental Organization
Each peripheral nerve relates to a particular part of the body, known as a _.
dermatome
Spinal Reflexes
The spinal cord is divided into _ and _.
Gray Matter
White Matter
Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord
The _ contains the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons and is found near the center of the cord.
gray matter
Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord
The _ contains the electrically-insulated long distance connections between neurons.
white matter
Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is divided into _, with sensory input occurring on the dorsal side and motor output occurring from the dorsal side.
laminae
Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord
The _ house the cell bodies for the peripheral sensory neurons.
dorsal root ganglia
Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord
In a _, a sensory neuron connects with a motor neuron, allowing the sensory stimulation to trigger a movement.
reflex arc
Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord
The _ is where you extend your leg after the doctor taps your knee with a hammer.
knee-jerk reflect
Spinal Reflexes
Reflexes can have one or more connections or _ between the sensation and the motor response.
synapses
Spinal Reflexes
_ are neurons that are between the sensory input and the motor output which can excitatory and inhibitory.
Interneurons
Central Pattern Generators
An _ fires spontaneously, until becoming fatigued and stopped by an inhibitory interneuron.
excitatory neuron
Spinal Reflexes
_ cross te midline to inhibit the central pattern generator on the contralaleral side, to allow for rhythmic muscle contractions.
Inhibitory interneurons
The Brainstem
The hindbrain is formed by the _ and the _.
medulla oblongata
pons
Hindbrain
The _ controls involuntary functions that are important for life, such as breathing and heart rate.
medulla
Hindbrain
The _ relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
pons
Midbrain
The _ locates visual stimuli to help coordinate complex movements.
superior colliculus
Midbrain
The _ locates auditory stimuli.
inferior colliculus
Midbrain
_ influence activity of central pattern generators in brain stem and spinal cord.
Command generators
Midbrain
_ influences complex behaviors such as defense, aggression, or reproduction.
Periaqueductal gray matter
Midbrain
_ regulated consciousness.
Reticular formation
The _ is circuitry of the “Little Brain”.
cerebellum
The _ contains more neurons than does the cortex.
cerebellum
The diencephalon contains the _ and the _.
hypothalamus
thalamus
Hypothalamus
_ is the process of maintaining the body within a narrow range of physiological parameters such as temperature, thirst, hunger, etc.
Homeostasis
Diencephalon
Nuclei within the _ regulate homeostatis by comparing the body’s state with set points.
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
If the body deviates from the set point, _ can happen via autonomic responses, endocrine responsesm or behavioral responses.
compensation
Diencephalon
_ relays sensory signals to the brain and motor signals to the body.
Thalamus
Thalamus
More than _ thalamic nuclei serve sensory, motor, motivation, and associational functions through reciprocal connections with the cortex.
50
The telencephalon inclues _ and _.
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
Telencephalon
The _ is the thin outer covering of the brain this is necessary for human cognition; contains six layers of cells, known as gray matter, surrounding the inner white matter.
Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
_ is the rounded convolutions of the cortex.
Gyri
Cerebral Cortex
_ is the grooves between the gyri.
Sulci
Cerebral Cortex
The lobes of the cerebral cortex are _, _, _, and _.
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Cerebral Cortex
_ is important for motor control and planning.
Frontal Lobe
Cerebral Cortex
_ is important for processing somasensory information.
Parietal Lobe
Cerebral Cortex
_ processes visual information.
Occipital Lobe
Cerebral Cortex
_ processes auditory information.
Temporal Lobe
Telencephalon
_ are the gray matter structures within the white matter of the cortex.
Basal ganglia
Telencephalon
_ is important for initiating and maintaining activity in the corex, particularly in motor areas.
Basal Ganglia
Telencephalon
_ is made up of the caudate and putament, known together as the striatum, and the globus pallidus.
Basal Ganglia
_ combines sensory inputs from external and internal environments to help control the internal environment.
Limbic System
_ and _ project to the limbic system.
Hypothalamus
Limbic Nuclei
_ is important for emotional evaluation and learning.
Amygdala
