Brain and Memory

Question 1

What are the neural areas associated with episodic memory? (3)

Answer 1

involves the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex

Question 2

4 stages of memory processing?

Answer 2

1. Registration: input from our senses into the memory system
2. Encoding: processing and combining of received information
3. Storage: holding of that input in the memory system
4. Retrieval: recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)

Question 3

Define the registration stage of memory processing

Answer 3

1. Registration: input from our senses into the memory system

Question 4

Define the encoding stage of memory processing

Answer 4

2. Encoding: processing and combining of received information

Question 5

Define the storage stage of memory processing

Answer 5

3. Storage: holding of that input in the memory system

Question 6

Define the retrieval stage of memory processing

Answer 6

4. Retrieval: recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)

Question 7

2 types of long term memory?

Answer 7

• Non-Declarative (Implicit) Memory (aka unconscious memory)

* Declarative (Explicit) Memory (aka conscious memory)

Question 8

what is Non-Declarative (Implicit) Memory (aka unconscious memory)

Answer 8

• Familiarity such that you know how to interact with an object or situation without consciously thinking about it

Question 9

what are the 2 types of Declarative (Explicit) Memory (aka conscious memory)

Answer 9

• Episodic: related to personal experience (i.e. your memories)
• Semantic: factual memory (i.e. general knowledge)

Question 10

what is episodic memory

Answer 10

• Episodic: related to personal experience (i.e. your memories)

Question 11

what is semantic memory

Answer 11

• Semantic: factual memory (i.e. general knowledge)

Question 12

2 strategies for enhancing memory?

Answer 12

• Assimilation – linking words with previous knowledge/giving words a meaning (e.g. SOCRATES)
• Mnemonics – e.g. here comes the thumb, straight line to pinky (carpal bones)

Question 13

What type of aphasia is fluent expression and impaired comprehension

Answer 13

Wernicke’s receptive aphasia

Question 14

What type of aphasia is impaired expression and fluent comprehension

Answer 14

Broca’s Expressive aphasia

Question 15

Characteristics of Brocas aphasia? (4)

Answer 15

Non-fluent speech
Impaired repetition
Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences
Intact comprehension

Question 16

Characteristics of Wernickes aphasia? (8)

Answer 16

Problems in comprehending speech (input or reception of language)
Fluent meaningless speech
Paraphasias – errors in producing specific words
Semantic paraphasias – substituting words similar in meaning (“barn” –“house”)
Phonemic paraphasias – substituting words similar in sound (“house” –“mouse”)
Neologisms – non words (“galump”)
Poor repetition
Impairment in writing

Question 17

What are Phonemic paraphasias

Answer 17

Phonemic paraphasias – substituting words similar in

Question 18

What are Semantic paraphasias

Answer 18

Semantic paraphasias – substituting words similar in meaning (“barn” –“house”)

Question 19

What are Neologisms

Answer 19

Neologisms – non words (“galump”)

Question 20

What are paraphasias

Answer 20

Paraphasias – errors in producing specific words

Question 21

which is anterior: Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area

Answer 21

Broca’s area

Question 22

which is posterior: Broca’s are or Wernicke’s area

Answer 22

Wernicke’s area

Question 23

Which part of the brain analyses speech to determine what was said?

Answer 23

Wenicke’s area (W-WHAT)

Question 24

Which part of the brain forms a motor plan to repeat/respond to speech?

Answer 24

Broca’s area

Question 25

What is executive functioning?

Answer 25

• The executive system processes novel situations outside the domain of some of our ‘automatic’ psychological processes.

Question 26

Common Characteristics of Dysexecutive Syndrome? (8)

Answer 26

• Impulsivity
• Disinhibition
• Emotional bluntness
• Attentional problems
• Perseveration
• Inability to plan/manage goal-directed behaviour
• Copes with written instructions but not unstructured tasks
• Difficulty grasping complex or abstract ideas