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M3 Anatomy > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Name the ‘grooves’ of the brain

A

Sulci

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2
Q

Name the ‘bumps’ of the brain

A

Gyri

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3
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

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4
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem

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5
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

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6
Q

Give the functions of the midbrain

A

important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing

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7
Q

Give the functions of the pons

A

involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste and balance

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8
Q

Give the functions of the medulla oblongata

A

helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing and swallowing

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9
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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10
Q

Name the cranial nerves in order

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal
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11
Q

What are meninges?

A

protective coverings for the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Name the 3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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13
Q

Describe the dura mater

A
  • most superficial layer
  • it is innervated by the trigeminal nerve branches
  • supplies and drained by the middle meningeal artery and vein
  • 2 layers
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14
Q

Give the 2 layers of dura mater

A

periosteal layer - stuck firmly to the inner aspect of the cranial bones
meningeal layer - stuck firmly to the periosteal layer

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15
Q

Give 3 instances in which the meningeal layer is not stuck firmly to the periosteal layer

A
  • when folded on itself as the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli
  • when it separates to form the dural venous sinuses
  • middle meningeal artery runs between the 2 layers
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16
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A
  • deep to dura mater

* contains arachnoid granulations which reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Name the space deep to the arachnoid mater and give what it contains

A

Subarachnoid space

Contains CSF

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18
Q

Describe the pia mater

A
  • deepest layer
  • coats the brain tightly following the sulci
  • coats the blood vessels/nerves entering and leaving the brain
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19
Q

Name the circle of anastomosed arteries supplying the brain

A

The Circle of Willis

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20
Q

Describe the Circle of Willis, beginning at the most anterior part

A
  • R and L anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior communicating artery
  • R and L internal carotid arteries
  • R and L middle cerebral arteries
  • R and L posterior communicating arteries
  • R and L posterior cerebral arteries
  • Basilar artery
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21
Q

What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

The medial aspects of the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

What do the middle cerebral arteries supply?

A

The lateral aspects of the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

The posterior aspects of the right and left cerebral hemispheres, including the visual cortex

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24
Q

What is the name for the midline structure composed of dura mater folded in on itself?

A

Falx Cerebri

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25
Q

What is the name for the dura mater folded in on itself just above the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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26
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses mostly drain to?

A

Internal jugular vein

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27
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus run from?

A

Within the upper border of the falx cerebri; from the crista gali to the internal occipital protuberance

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28
Q

Describe arachnoid granulations?

A

Where the arachnoid projects through the meningeal layer of dura mater

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29
Q

Where are arachnoid granulations most commonly found?

A

in the superior sagittal sinus

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30
Q

What do arachnoid granulations transported back into the venous system?

A

CSF

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31
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?

A

On the free edge of the falx cerebri

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32
Q

What vein meets the inferior sagittal sinus posteriorly?

A

the great cerebral vein

33
Q

What is formed where the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein unite?

A

straight sinus

34
Q

Where does the straight sinus run from?

A

At the attachment between the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli

35
Q

Where does the occipital sinus run from?

A

Located posteriorly, very close to cerebellum.

Runs behind the cerebellum to the internal occipital protuberance

36
Q

What is the name of the venous structure at the internal occipital protuberance?

A

The confluence of sinuses

37
Q

Where can blood flow laterally from the confluence of sinuses?

A

To the R or L transverse sinuses

38
Q

Where do the bilateral transverse sinuses run from?

A

From the confluence of sinuses, along the occipital bone to the inferior angle of the parietal bone

39
Q

In what direction does the majority of blood flow from the confluence of sinuses?

A

LEFT, to the left transverse sinus

40
Q

What shape does the sigmoid sinus take?

A

An S shape

41
Q

Where does the transverse sinus end to become the sigmoid sinus?

A

The inferior angle of the parietal bone

42
Q

Where does the sigmoid sinus run?

A

Along the temporal bone until it forms into the internal jugular vein

43
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus located?

A

Lateral to the sella turcica

44
Q

What is the cavernous sinus?

A

A plexus of veins

45
Q

What are the 2 possible routes for drainage of the cavernous sinus?

A

1 - into the sigmoid sinus sinus via the superior petrosal sinus (runs along the tentorium cerebelli)
2- directly into the internal jugular vein via the inferior petrosal sinus

46
Q

Describe what is meant by a ventricle?

A

A ventricle is a hollow cavity within an organ, usually filled with a fluid

47
Q

How many ventricles does the brain have?

A

4 interconnected ventricles filled with CSF

48
Q

Give the names of the 4 ventricles of the brain

A

Right lateral ventricle
Left lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

49
Q

What is the general shape of the lateral ventricles?

A

C shaped with 3 horns projecting into lobes of brain

50
Q

What are the 3 horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

Anterior, posterior and inferior

51
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

near the centre of the brain

52
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

Deep to the cerebellum

53
Q

What are the 6 modalities of the cranial nerves?

A 
Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
Parasympathetic
Special sensory
Visceral sensory
Mixed
54
Q

Give a description and example of SOMATIC SENSORY

A

FROM skin, mucosa, fascia, bone or skeletal muscle

e.g. mental nerve

55
Q

Give a description and example of SOMATIC MOTOR

A

TO skeletal muscle

e.g. spinal accessory

56
Q

Give a description and example of PARASYMPATHETIC

A

autonomic NS - rest and digest

e.g. to glands!

57
Q

Give a description and example of SPECIAL SENSORY

A

FROM special sense organs

e.g. optic nerve

58
Q

Give a description and example of MIXED

A

contains a mix of any of the other modalities

e.g. trigeminal nerve

59
Q

Give a description and example of VISCERAL SENSORY

A

FROM carotid body/sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, GI tract
e.g. glossopharyngeal and vagus

60
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNI

A

special sensory

61
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNII

A

special sensory

62
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNIII

A

MIXED - somatic motor, parasympathetic

63
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNIV

A

somatic motor

64
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNV

A

MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory

65
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNVI

A

somatic motor

66
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNVII

A

MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, parasympathetics

67
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNVIII

A

special sensory

68
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNIX

A

MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, parasympathetics

69
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNX

A

MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, parasympathetics

70
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNXI

A

somatic motor

71
Q

Give the modality(ies) of CNXII

A

somatic motor

72
Q

The foramina of which cranial nerves are found within the anterior cranial fossa?

A

CNI

73
Q

The foramina of which cranial nerves are found within the middle cranial fossa?

A

CNII - CNVI (including V1, V2, V3)

74
Q

The foramina of which cranial nerves are found within the posterior cranial fossa?

A

CNVII - CNXII

75
Q

What foramen does CNV1 exit the cranial cavity through?

A

The superior orbital fissure

76
Q

What foramen does CNV2 exit the cranial cavity through?

A

The foramen rotundum

77
Q

What foramen does CNV3 exit the cranial cavity through?

A

The foramen ovale

78
Q

What can happen as a result of infection in the eyes, nose, mouth or ears with regards to the cavernous sinus?

A

A thrombus may form in the cavernous sinus and compress the cranial nerves which pass through the cavernous sinus, leading to cranial nerve palsy

M3 Anatomy (7 decks)

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