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Bio 103 > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Full growth and weight of the brain?

A

3LBS and 20 YRS

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2
Q

limited storage capacity for _____ and must be continually supplied; deficiency may cause:

A

glucose; confusion, dizziness, convulsions, unconsciousness

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3
Q

major parts of brain

A

brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebellum

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4
Q

three extensions of the meningeal layer of the dura mater separate parts of the brain

A

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

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5
Q

Role of falx cerebri:

A

separate right from left cerebral hemisphere

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6
Q

Role of falx cerebelli

A

found between right and left halves of cerebellum

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7
Q

Role of tentorium cerebelli -

A

separate cerebellum from occipital lobe

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8
Q

Formation of CSF occurs where?

A

four place, ventricles

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9
Q

Principal site of CSF production

A

Lateral ventricle, 1 and 2

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10
Q

Drains lateral ventricles

A

3rd ventricle

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11
Q

Drains 3rd ventricle

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q

How is CSF formed

A

filtration of blood water through a network of capillaries produced at the rate of about 1 liter per day and ependymal cells called the choroid plexus

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13
Q

Trace pathway of CSF flow

A

lateral ventricles – foramen of Monro –third ventricle – 4th ventricle – aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct) – central canal of spinal cord

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14
Q

what is the CSF reabsorbed by

A

the arachnoid villi of the superior sagittal blood sinus

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15
Q

Cause of hydrocephalus

A

is CSF cant circulate or drain properly due to an obstruction in the ventricles or subarachnoid space, a buildup will occur causing increased pressure on the brain - headache, nauseous, coma

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16
Q

autonomic reflex centers

A

respiratory (breathing rhythm) cardiac control (force/rate of heart beat) vasomotor (vessel vasoconstriction) coughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing, hiccupping :: receive visceral, afferent fibers from spinal/cranial nerves and synapse in reflex centers - efferent fibers leave by way of spinal/cranial nerves

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17
Q

pons white matter

A

interconnects different levels of the brain by way of tracts and relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

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18
Q

pons gray matter

A

nuclei for origin of CN 5,6,7,8 and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers - regulate rate and rhythm of breathing along with medulla

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19
Q

midbrain connects what to what?

A

pons to diencephalon

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20
Q

Role of cerebral aqueduct?

A

transports CSF

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21
Q

White matter organized into?

A

tracts organized into cerebral peduncles that convey motor and sensory impulses

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22
Q

Gray matter organized

A

nuclei for origin for CN 3,4 and the corpora quadrigemina (two pairs of rounded nuclei) on roof of midbrain

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23
Q

superior colliculi vs inferior colliculi

A

superior-visual reflex

inferior-auditory

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24
Q

ascending sensory pathways are relayed to

A

the thalamus and then the cerebral cortex

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25
Q

reticular activating system; 3 functions

A
  1. regulation of muscle tone 2. arousal from sleep with stimulation from eyes ears skin 3. maintains consciousness and alertness
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26
Q

Vermis connects

A

two cerebellar hypothesis

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27
Q

Cerebellum: % of brain volume and % of neurons in CNS

A

10 % brain

50% nuerons

28
Q

White matter organized into?

A

three cerebellar tracts: superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncles

29
Q

Superior Tract
afferent or efferent?
carry impulses from ___ to ___?

A

efferent fibers that carry impulses from cerebellum to midbrain, thalamus, and cortex

30
Q

Middle tract carries fibers from?

A

Cortex

31
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Ascending or descending to ?

A

ascending afferent fibers from cord and medulla

32
Q

cerebellum functions

A
  1. error control in body movements (executes the movement intended by cerebral cortex and makes adjustments in muscle contraction) 2. predictive function (detects speed and progress of body movements and will slow down and even stop them in order to smoothly accomplish a movement) 3. efficient body movement (influences antagonistic muscles for most efficient body movement) 4. maintains muscle tone (to maintain posture and equilibrium
33
Q

injury to cerebellum results in

A

cerebellar ataxia-uncoordinated walking

34
Q

Diencephalon develops from?

A

forebrain

35
Q

Thalamus relay station for?

A

principal relay station for sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex; receives all sensory nerve impulses except smell from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum; registers conscious recognition of pain, temp, and awareness of light touch and pressure

36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

; receives sensory impulses from sound, taste, smell, and somatic and visceral receptors, 3 major regions possessing important nuclei ( mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic)

37
Q

Mamillary bodies are a relay station for ?

A

Smell

38
Q

Tuberal contains? Connects ?

A

infundibulum- connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

39
Q

2 hormones produced by supraoptic

A

ADH & Oxytocin

40
Q

Homeostatic functions of hypothalamus

A

controls and integrates the ANS, connects with reflex center in the medulla, integrates the activity of the nervous system with the endocrine system (produces hormones), regulates emotional and behavioral patterns, regulates eating and drinking through the feeding, satiety, and thirst centers, regulates body temp

41
Q

Feeding vs satiety center

When damaged?

A

feeding-hunger and desire for food if damaged leads to anorexia

Satiety-inhibits appetite damaged-obesity

42
Q

pineal gland

A

epithalamus that secretes the hormone melatonin that helps regulate the body’s natural cycle of sleeping and waking hours (circadian rhythm)

43
Q

Insula aka

A

island of Reil

44
Q

Association fibers

A

connect one part of cortex to another part of the same hemispehre

45
Q

Commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum- largest white matter tract

46
Q

Projection fibers

A

conect cortex to lower parts of CNS

47
Q

Basal Ganglion

A

paired masses of gray matter deep within each cerebral hemisphere; serve as relay station for control of skeletal muscle movements that originate in cerebral cortex. Also serve as extensive interconnections between cerebral cortex , thalamus, hypothalamus, and some fibers descend into cord

48
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

neurons from the corpus striatum that produce dopamine degenerate ( excessive muscle tone leads to rigidity

49
Q

Limbic systems are located where 2-places

A

located in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

50
Q

2 functions of limb systems

A

one is memory, behavioral and emotional responses. Ie. Rage, aggression, anger, fear, sorrow, pleasure, docile behavior.

51
Q

Cerebral cortex processes what?

A

sensory, motor and integrative signals are processed

52
Q

primary somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3)

A

parietal lobe immediately posterior to the central sulcus (post central gyrus) receives sensory impulses from cutaneous muscle and visceral receptors. (extends from longitudinal fissure to lateral fissure) – each area on the body is represented by a specific area on the gyrus - sensory body image

53
Q

somatosensory association cortex (areas 5,7)

A

receives sensory impulses directly from the thalamus; primary and association sensory areas permit aspects of sensory perception - 1. memory of sensory experiences 2. pain, temp, touch 3. allows you to distinguish one sense from another as well as shape and texture

54
Q

primary visual cortex (area 17) Located where?

A

occipital lobe

55
Q

Which areas have the most sensory receptors

A

face, hands and lips

56
Q

visual association cortex (areas 18,19)

A

visual memory - recognition, evaluation, visual memory

57
Q

optic nerves meet and cross at the

A

optic chiasma - later vision doesn’t cross, medial does

58
Q

primary auditory cortex (areas 41,42)

A

temporal lobe, recognized pitch and rhythm

59
Q

auditory association cortex (area 22/Wernicke’s)

A

permits 3 aspects of hearing - auditory memory, recognition of meaning of speech, distinguish between speech noise and music

60
Q

primary gustatory cortex (area 43)

A

base of the post central gyrus, interprets sensations related to the sense of taste

61
Q

motor areas

A

are regions in the frontal lobe that manage muscular movement

62
Q

Broca’s motor speech cortex (area 44)

A

located in frontal cortex - translates thought into speech and coordinates voluntary muscle activity

63
Q

aphasia

A

result of injury to the association or motor speech areas - inability to use/comprehend words; can make sound, but not articulate speech

64
Q

motor association cortex (area 6)

A

immediately anterior to the pre-central gyrus - learned complex and sequential nature motor skills - generates nerve impulses that causes muscles to contract in a specific sequences that has been practiced and learned (muscle memory)

65
Q

asymmetry (unevenness) of the cerebral hemisphere

A

more pronounced in men; women have larger connections between the two hemispheres

66
Q

twelve pairs of cranial nerves

A

originate from the brain; named on the basis of distribution and are numbered by order of attachment from anterior to posterior

67
Q

sensory cranial nerves-which contain only sensory nerves?

A

1,2,8

Bio 103 (4 decks)

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