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Bio 103 > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

Full growth and weight of the brain?

A

3LBS and 20 YRS

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2
Q

limited storage capacity for _____ and must be continually supplied; deficiency may cause:

A

glucose; confusion, dizziness, convulsions, unconsciousness

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3
Q

major parts of brain

A

brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebellum

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4
Q

three extensions of the meningeal layer of the dura mater separate parts of the brain

A

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

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5
Q

Role of falx cerebri:

A

separate right from left cerebral hemisphere

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6
Q

Role of falx cerebelli

A

found between right and left halves of cerebellum

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7
Q

Role of tentorium cerebelli -

A

separate cerebellum from occipital lobe

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8
Q

Formation of CSF occurs where?

A

four place, ventricles

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9
Q

Principal site of CSF production

A

Lateral ventricle, 1 and 2

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10
Q

Drains lateral ventricles

A

3rd ventricle

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11
Q

Drains 3rd ventricle

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q

How is CSF formed

A

filtration of blood water through a network of capillaries produced at the rate of about 1 liter per day and ependymal cells called the choroid plexus

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13
Q

Trace pathway of CSF flow

A

lateral ventricles – foramen of Monro –third ventricle – 4th ventricle – aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct) – central canal of spinal cord

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14
Q

what is the CSF reabsorbed by

A

the arachnoid villi of the superior sagittal blood sinus

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15
Q

Cause of hydrocephalus

A

is CSF cant circulate or drain properly due to an obstruction in the ventricles or subarachnoid space, a buildup will occur causing increased pressure on the brain - headache, nauseous, coma

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16
Q

autonomic reflex centers

A

respiratory (breathing rhythm) cardiac control (force/rate of heart beat) vasomotor (vessel vasoconstriction) coughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing, hiccupping :: receive visceral, afferent fibers from spinal/cranial nerves and synapse in reflex centers - efferent fibers leave by way of spinal/cranial nerves

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17
Q

pons white matter

A

interconnects different levels of the brain by way of tracts and relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

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18
Q

pons gray matter

A

nuclei for origin of CN 5,6,7,8 and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers - regulate rate and rhythm of breathing along with medulla

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19
Q

midbrain connects what to what?

A

pons to diencephalon

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20
Q

Role of cerebral aqueduct?

A

transports CSF

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21
Q

White matter organized into?

A

tracts organized into cerebral peduncles that convey motor and sensory impulses

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22
Q

Gray matter organized

A

nuclei for origin for CN 3,4 and the corpora quadrigemina (two pairs of rounded nuclei) on roof of midbrain

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23
Q

superior colliculi vs inferior colliculi

A

superior-visual reflex

inferior-auditory

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24
Q

ascending sensory pathways are relayed to

A

the thalamus and then the cerebral cortex

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25
reticular activating system; 3 functions
1. regulation of muscle tone 2. arousal from sleep with stimulation from eyes ears skin 3. maintains consciousness and alertness
26
Vermis connects
two cerebellar hypothesis
27
Cerebellum: % of brain volume and % of neurons in CNS
10 % brain | 50% nuerons
28
White matter organized into?
three cerebellar tracts: superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncles
29
Superior Tract afferent or efferent? carry impulses from ___ to ___?
efferent fibers that carry impulses from cerebellum to midbrain, thalamus, and cortex
30
Middle tract carries fibers from?
Cortex
31
Inferior cerebellar peduncle | Ascending or descending to ?
ascending afferent fibers from cord and medulla
32
cerebellum functions
1. error control in body movements (executes the movement intended by cerebral cortex and makes adjustments in muscle contraction) 2. predictive function (detects speed and progress of body movements and will slow down and even stop them in order to smoothly accomplish a movement) 3. efficient body movement (influences antagonistic muscles for most efficient body movement) 4. maintains muscle tone (to maintain posture and equilibrium
33
injury to cerebellum results in
cerebellar ataxia-uncoordinated walking
34
Diencephalon develops from?
forebrain
35
Thalamus relay station for?
principal relay station for sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex; receives all sensory nerve impulses except smell from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum; registers conscious recognition of pain, temp, and awareness of light touch and pressure
36
Hypothalamus
; receives sensory impulses from sound, taste, smell, and somatic and visceral receptors, 3 major regions possessing important nuclei ( mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic)
37
Mamillary bodies are a relay station for ?
Smell
38
Tuberal contains? Connects ?
infundibulum- connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
39
2 hormones produced by supraoptic
ADH & Oxytocin
40
Homeostatic functions of hypothalamus
controls and integrates the ANS, connects with reflex center in the medulla, integrates the activity of the nervous system with the endocrine system (produces hormones), regulates emotional and behavioral patterns, regulates eating and drinking through the feeding, satiety, and thirst centers, regulates body temp
41
Feeding vs satiety center | When damaged?
feeding-hunger and desire for food if damaged leads to anorexia Satiety-inhibits appetite damaged-obesity
42
pineal gland
epithalamus that secretes the hormone melatonin that helps regulate the body’s natural cycle of sleeping and waking hours (circadian rhythm)
43
Insula aka
island of Reil
44
Association fibers
connect one part of cortex to another part of the same hemispehre
45
Commissural fibers
corpus callosum- largest white matter tract
46
Projection fibers
conect cortex to lower parts of CNS
47
Basal Ganglion
paired masses of gray matter deep within each cerebral hemisphere; serve as relay station for control of skeletal muscle movements that originate in cerebral cortex. Also serve as extensive interconnections between cerebral cortex , thalamus, hypothalamus, and some fibers descend into cord
48
Parkinson's disease
neurons from the corpus striatum that produce dopamine degenerate ( excessive muscle tone leads to rigidity
49
Limbic systems are located where 2-places
located in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
50
2 functions of limb systems
one is memory, behavioral and emotional responses. Ie. Rage, aggression, anger, fear, sorrow, pleasure, docile behavior.
51
Cerebral cortex processes what?
sensory, motor and integrative signals are processed
52
primary somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3)
parietal lobe immediately posterior to the central sulcus (post central gyrus) receives sensory impulses from cutaneous muscle and visceral receptors. (extends from longitudinal fissure to lateral fissure) -- each area on the body is represented by a specific area on the gyrus - sensory body image
53
somatosensory association cortex (areas 5,7)
receives sensory impulses directly from the thalamus; primary and association sensory areas permit aspects of sensory perception - 1. memory of sensory experiences 2. pain, temp, touch 3. allows you to distinguish one sense from another as well as shape and texture
54
primary visual cortex (area 17) Located where?
occipital lobe
55
Which areas have the most sensory receptors
face, hands and lips
56
visual association cortex (areas 18,19)
visual memory - recognition, evaluation, visual memory
57
optic nerves meet and cross at the
optic chiasma - later vision doesn’t cross, medial does
58
primary auditory cortex (areas 41,42)
temporal lobe, recognized pitch and rhythm
59
auditory association cortex (area 22/Wernicke’s)
permits 3 aspects of hearing - auditory memory, recognition of meaning of speech, distinguish between speech noise and music
60
primary gustatory cortex (area 43)
base of the post central gyrus, interprets sensations related to the sense of taste
61
motor areas
are regions in the frontal lobe that manage muscular movement
62
Broca’s motor speech cortex (area 44)
located in frontal cortex - translates thought into speech and coordinates voluntary muscle activity
63
aphasia
result of injury to the association or motor speech areas - inability to use/comprehend words; can make sound, but not articulate speech
64
motor association cortex (area 6)
immediately anterior to the pre-central gyrus - learned complex and sequential nature motor skills - generates nerve impulses that causes muscles to contract in a specific sequences that has been practiced and learned (muscle memory)
65
asymmetry (unevenness) of the cerebral hemisphere
more pronounced in men; women have larger connections between the two hemispheres
66
twelve pairs of cranial nerves
originate from the brain; named on the basis of distribution and are numbered by order of attachment from anterior to posterior
67
sensory cranial nerves-which contain only sensory nerves?
1,2,8

Bio 103 (4 decks)

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