Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy > brain and cranial fossa > Flashcards

brain and cranial fossa Flashcards

1
Q

lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sulci and fissures of the brain and what they contain

A

central sulcus
lateral fissure - middel cerebral artery
longitudinal fissure - anterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cerebral hemispheres the brain (6)

A

primary motor cortex - located on pre-central gyrus
somatosensory cortex - located on post-central gyrus
auditory cortex - temporal side of lateral fissure
broca’s speech area (motor) - frontal side of lateral fissure
werneke’s speech area (recognition) - end of lateral fissure
visual cortex - inferior occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

medial sagittal features of brain

A

cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
thalamus
hypothalamus

midbrain
cerebellum

pons
medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

white matter tract connecting cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 different fibres/tracts in the corpus callosum

A

association tracts - between gyri of same hemisphere
commissural tracts/fibres - from one hemisphere to the next
projection fibres - from cerebrum to thalamus, brainstem etc

fibres cross midline to reach counterpart hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

basal ganglia of the brain

A

choroid plexus
caudate nucleus
internal capsule
globus pallidus + putamen = lentiform nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

role of basal ganglia

A

regulate initiation and termination of body movements (also memory, planning and emotional response via limbic system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does the midbrain communicate with the basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra communicates with caudate nucleus and putamen
sub-thalamic nuclei communicates with globes palladus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of

A

thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

role of the pineal gland of the diencephalon

A

(epithalamus) - produces melatonin to regulate body clock

habenular nucleus - olfaction and emotional response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

role of the thalamus of the diencephalon

A

major sensory relay station
spinal cord, brain stem, midbrain -> thalamus -> cerebral hemispheres
also involved in motor pathways

connections to hypothalamus and limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

role of the hypothalamus of the diencephalon

A

regulates autonomic nervous system and homeostasis
produces hormones

connections to pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

midbrain is the origin of which cranial nerves

A

CN III and CN IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what to parts of the brain does the midbrain connect

A

pons and medulla with the diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

role of the colliculi of the midbrain

A

superior colliculi - visual tracking and scanning

inferior colliculi - auditory startle reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

role of substantia nigra and red nuclei

A

substantia nigra - control subconscious muscle action (grey)

red nuclei - co-ordinate muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which cranial nerves originate in the pons

A

CN V, VI, VII and vestibular part of VIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

role of the pons

A

pontine nuclei - co-ordination and maximising voluntary motor output
pneumotoxic tracts help to control bretahing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which cranial nerves originate in the medulla

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII and cochlear part of VIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

role of the medulla

A

pyramids - motor tracts
cardiovascular centres - rate/ force heart beat and diameters of vessels
breathing centres - nuclei concerned with touch, pressure and vibration
the olives - pro reception (joint and muscle position)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the cerbellum

A

vermis between lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

role of the cerebellum

A

sub-concoius control of skeletal muscle movements and co-ordinates complex sequences
regulate posture and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sections of the cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar peduncle - midbrain to cerebellum
middle cerebellar peduncle - pons to cerebellum
inferior cerebellar peduncle - medulla to cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the folds in the cerebellum called

A

folia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the pituitary gland form

A

growth hormones:
follicle stimulating
lutenising hormone - reproductive cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

layers of the meninges

A

pia mater - innermost layer stuck to surface of neural tissue
sub-arachnoid space - contains cerebrospinal fluid
arachnoid mater - middle layer fine connective tissue
dura mater - outermost layer of tough connective tissue sheath

28
Q

layers covering the brain

A

pia mater - adheres to surface of brain
arachnoid mater - surface of brain carrying blood and cerebral vessels
dura mater - lines skull and forms dural venous sinuses

29
Q

blood supply to meninges

A

anterior meningeal artery - dura of anterior fossa
middle meningeal artery - major vessels if dan=maged can cause extra-dural hematoma (compresses brain)
posterior meningeal artery - dura of posterior fossa

30
Q

origin of the meningeal arteries and their passage

A

anterior meningeal artery - ethmoid branches of internal carotid
middle meningeal artery - maxillary artery through foramen spinosum
posterior meningeal artery - occipital artery

31
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle

32
Q

location of the ventricles of the brain and what they connect

A

lateral ventricle - one in each hemisphere
3rd ventricle - in thalamus, connected to lateral ventricle by inter-ventricular foramina of Monro
cerebral aqueduct - through the midbrain to connect 3rd and 4th ventricles
4th ventricle - connects sub-arachnoid space via lateral (x2) and medial apertures and connected to central canal of spinal cord

33
Q

role of cerebral spinal fluid

A

provides mechanical and physical protection to brain and spinal cord

34
Q

circulation of cerebral spinal fluid

A

ventricles and subarachnoid space and recycled through arachnoid villi into dural venous sinus

35
Q

where is cerebral spinal fluid produced

A 
choroid plexus (hanging down form roof of lateral ventricle)
ependymal cells from this area filter blood plasma to make CSF
36
Q

blood supply to the brain

A

circle of willis

37
Q

vessels that join the circle of willis

A

internal carotid

basilar

38
Q

branches of the circle of willis and what they supply

A

posterior cerebral - occipital lobe and base of brain
middle cerebral - temporal lobes
anterior cerebral - frontal and parietal lobes

joined by posterior and anterior communicating branches

39
Q

what supplies the basilar artery

A

vertebral arteries from the subclavian

40
Q

branches of the basilar artery

A

cerebellar
pontine
medullary

41
Q

what are the cranial nerves in order

A 
CN I - olfactory
CN II - optic
CN III - occulomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN V - trigeminal 
CN VI - abducent
CN VII - facial 
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
CN X - vagus
CN XI - accessory
CN XII - hypoglossal
42
Q

what does CN I pass through

A

telencephalon - olfactory mucosa - cribiform plate - olfactory bulb

43
Q

what does CN II pass through

A

retina - optic foramen - optic tract - (90% - thalamus - visual cortex) (10% - medial root - unconscious regulation)

44
Q

what does CN III pass through

A

midbrain - superior orbital fissure - orbit in lateral cavernous dural sinus - annular ring

45
Q

what does CN IV pass through

A

midbrain - superior orbital fissure - orbit in lateral cavernous dural sinus - outside annular ring

46
Q

what does CN V pass through

A

pons - ganglion -
(1st division - superior orbital fissure - orbit in lateral cavernous dural sinus)
(2nd division - foramen rotundum - pterygopalatine fossa)
(3rd division - foramen ovale - inferior base of skull)

47
Q

what does CN VI pass through

A

pons - superior orbital fissure - orbit into long extradural pathway in cavernous dural sinus - annular ring

48
Q

what does CN VII pass through

A

pons - internal acoustic meatus - temporal bone - greater petrosal - stapedial - chorda tympani - stylomastoid foramen to muscles of facial expression

49
Q

what does CN VIII pass through

A

vestibular apparatus + auditory apparatus - internal auditory meatus - pons

50
Q

what does CN IX pass through

A

medulla oblongata - jugular foramen

51
Q

what does CN X pass through

A

medulla oblongata - jugular foramen - cranial, cervical, thoracic and abdominal distribution

52
Q

what does CN XI pass through

A

spinal cord - foramen magnum - cranial root - jugular foramen

53
Q

what does CN XII pass through

A

medulla oblongata (anterior olive) - hypoglossal canal - root of tongue above hyoid bone

54
Q

what does CN I innervate

A

sensory relay system (only one not through thalamus)

55
Q

what does CN III innervate

A

motor - inferior oblique, inferior rectus, medial rectus (inferior division) superior rectus and levator palpabrae (superior division)
parasympathetic - sphincter papillae and ciliary muscle

56
Q

what does CN IV innervate

A

motor - superior oblique

57
Q

what does CN V1 innervate

A

sensory - eye, lacrimal gland, eyebrow, forehead, nose

58
Q

what does CN V2 innervate

A

sensory - cheek, lower lid, upper jaw, side nose, mucous mouth

59
Q

what does CN V3 innervate

A

sensory - ear canal, parotid gland, lower jaw

motor - mastication, anterior digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, veli tensor palatini

60
Q

what does CN VI innervate

A

motor - lateral rectus

61
Q

what does CN VII innervate

A

motor - muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric
taste - anterior 2/3 tongue
parasympathetic - submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

62
Q

what does CN VIII innervate

A

special somatic afferent
vestibular - cerbellum, CN III, IV, VI and spinal tracts
cochlear - inferior colliculi, medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus to auditory cortex (area 41 temporal)

63
Q

what does CN IX innervate

A

parasympathetic - parotid, buccal, labial glands
taste - posterior 1/3 tongue
motor - pharyngeal plexus and stylopharyngeus
sensory - soft palate, pharynx, tympanic cavity and membrane, pharyngotympanic tube, external ear and auditory canal

64
Q

what does CN X innervate

A

motor - pharyngeal plexus, soft palate, larynx
parasympathetic - thoracic and abdominal viscera
sensory - dura (posterior cranial fossa), ear, external auditory canal, lower pharynx, laryngeal mucosa, thoracic and abdominal viscera
pressure and chemoreceptors on aortic and para-aortic body

65
Q

what does CN XI innervate

A

motor - trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

cranial rot - vagus nerve to soft palater

66
Q

what does CN XII innervate

A

motor - intrinsic muscles of tongue and extrinsic (but palatoglossal)

67
Q

foramen and canals in the cranial fossa (including any vessels that pass through) (13)

A 
crista gali and cribiform plate - CN I
optic foramen - CN II
optic canal 
superior orbital fissure - CN III, IV, V1, VI
foramen rotundum - CN V2
foramen ovale - CN V3
foramen spinosum - middle meningeal artery
foramen lacerum - internal carotid artery
carotid canal - internal carotid artery
internal acoustic meatus - CN VII, VIII
jugular foramen - CN IX, X, XI
hypoglossal canal  - CN XII
foramen magnum - CN XI

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions