Brain and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What are thought to be the neural correlates of declarative memory?

A

Medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus + parahippocampal cortex

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2
Q

Name and define each of the stages of the memory process.

A

Registration: input from senses into the memory system
Encoding: processing + combining of received information
Storage: holding of that input in the memory system
Retrieval: recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)

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3
Q

What are the conceptual divisions in memory systems?

A

Sensory
Working or short term memory
Long-term memory

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4
Q

Describe the model of memory

A

Info in + sensory registration
Some info lost, some immediately transferred to long term memory, some aspects attended to
Aspects attended to transferred to working memory (limited capacity)
Rehearsal of these aspects stores them in working memory
Some transferred to long term memory, some lost
Retrieval requires activation of working memory

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5
Q

State two strategies for enhancing memory.

A

By assimilation: linking words with previous knowledge/giving words a meaning
Learn by mnemonics

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6
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

Non-declarative: “knowing how”- procedural, non-associative learning, conditioning
Declarative: “knowing what”

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7
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

Episodic: related to personal experience (e.g. knowing what you did last night)
Semantic: facts/ general knowledge (e.g. capital of France)

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8
Q

What are the main influences on language development?

A

Genetic factors: some mutations lead to severe language problems
Condition e.g. autism, ADD, developmental verbal dyspraxia
Environment/ exposure to others

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9
Q

What is the critical period for language acquisition?

A

As age increases from birth, ease of learning language decreases from age 3-8
> age 10, ease of learning language is much lower than earlier in life

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10
Q

What is executive functioning?

A

Mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, + multitask

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11
Q

State 8 common behavioural and emotional aspects of dysexecutive syndrome.

A
Impulsivity  
Disinhibition  
Emotional bluntness/ dysregulation  
Apathy  
Perseveration  
Poor initiation of tasks, lack of drive 
Hypo-/hyper-activity
Socially inappropriate
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12
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

There is a higher probability of remembering items at the beginning + end of a list
“Primacy effect” + “Recency effect”

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13
Q

What is the probability of remembering words in a list dependent on?

A
Order in the list
Personal salience of words
Number of words
Chunking or other encoding strategy
Delay time
Distraction
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14
Q

Which hemisphere has dominance for language in most people?

A

Left hemisphere

Though some left handed people have right hemisphere/ bi-lateral dominance for language function

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15
Q

List 4 characteristics of Broca’s expressive aphasia

A

Non-fluent speech
Impaired repetition
Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences
Intact comprehension

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16
Q

List 5 characteristics of Wernicke’s receptive aphasia

A

Problems in comprehending speech
Fluent meaningless speech
Paraphasias: errors in producing specific words:
Semantic: substituting words similar in meaning
Phonemic: substituting words similar in sound
Neologisms: non words (“galump”)
Poor repetition
Impairment in writing

17
Q

What is dysexecutive syndrome? What may it result from?

A

Disruption of executive function, closely related to frontal lobe damage
Head trauma, tumours, degenerative disease

18
Q

Describe the cognitive aspects of dysexecutive syndrome

A

Attentional + working memory difficulties
Poor planning
Difficulty coping with novel situations, switching task, keeping track of multiple tasks + abstract thinking

19
Q

Describe the defects associated with specific frontal lobes

A

Orbito-frontal: Impulsivity, Disinhibition
Medial: Loss of spontaneity, initiation
Lateral: Inability to formulate + carry out plans