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Brain and Behavior > Brain and Behavior Flashcards - Day 2 > Flashcards

Brain and Behavior Flashcards - Day 2

1
Q

Anterograde transport: motor protein

A

Kinesin

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2
Q

Anterograde transport: direction

A

toward synapse

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3
Q

Retrograde transport: motor protein

A

Dynein

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4
Q

Retrograde transport: direction

A

toward cell body

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5
Q

Anterograde transport: materials

A

organelles, vesicles, membranes, cytoskeletal and other proteins

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6
Q

Retrograde transport: materials

A

trophic factors, signaling molecules, endosomes & lysosomes

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7
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth

A

demyelination disorder caused by dominant mutations in PMP22 (peripheral myelin protein 22)

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8
Q

Differences between PNS and CNS synaptic transmission

A

CNS: postsynaptic ion channels can open or close, produce excitatory or inhibitory stimulus (depending on the NT)
PNS: one end plate potential always generates muscle contraction

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9
Q

Botulinum, tetanus toxin: site of action

A

affect proteins involved in vesicle fusion at synaptic cleft

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10
Q

presynaptic inhibition: mechanism

A

Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels (decreasing Ca++ influx by decreasing duration of AP)
Inducing increased conductance to Cl-, decreasing amplitude of AP in presynaptic terminal & opening of fewer Ca++ channels
Direct inhibition of NT release independent of Ca++ influx

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11
Q

presynaptic facilitation: mechanism

A

Enhanced influx of Ca++ (sometimes by closing of K+ channels); broadens the AP and allows Ca++ influx to persist for longer period of time

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12
Q

Factors inhibiting regeneration of CNS neurons

A

glial scar inhibits regenerative growth, molecules (Nogo, MAG, Slit) inhibit growth, and adult neurons have low intrinsic growth potential

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13
Q

Spinal cord ends at what level?

A

L2

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14
Q

How are the 31 cord segments divided?

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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15
Q

At what level(s) is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

L2 - S2

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16
Q

Where are cell bodies of axons in dorsal root?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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17
Q

Dorsal root, median division fibers are…

A

large-diameter, heavily-myelinated axons (Ia, Ib, II, A-beta fibers); send fibers somewhere other than dorsal root (ventral horn) → proprioceptive fibers that provide the mechanism to generate reflex action

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18
Q

Class Ia fibers

A

arise from muscle spindles in skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Class Ib fibers

A

arise from Golgi tendon organ in muscle tendon

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20
Q

Class II fibers

A

innervate muscle spindles

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21
Q

A-beta fibers

A

innervate mechanoreceptors in skin (touch, vibration, pressure)

22
Q

A-delta fibers

A

lateral division, thinly-myelinated, sense sharp pain and cold

23
Q

C fibers

A

lateral division, unmyelinated, sense dull pain and warmth

24
Q

Neuron types in ventral horn

A

alpha, gamma motor neurons

25
Alpha motor neurons
make muscle contract, cell bodies in VH, leave & innervate skeletal muscle
26
Gamma motor neurons
innervate muscle spindle, respond to increased stretching (increase sensitivity of the spindle)
27
Enlargements / large VH occur in what spinal cord segments?
C5 - T1, L2 - S2
28
Topographic organization of ventral horn
proximal muscles → distal muscles (medial → lateral); flexors → extensors (dorsal → ventral)
29
How many neurons are required for voluntary skeletal muscle contraction?
2 (upper and lower motor neuron)
30
Cell bodies of lower motor neurons are where?
Spinal cord gray matter (ventral horn)
31
Location of cell bodies and axons of upper motor neurons?
Cell bodies: primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus); axons: cross midline @ pyramidal decussation, travel down spinal cord in lateral corticospinal tract
32
Location of cell bodies and axons of lower motor neurons?
Cell bodies: ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter; axons: leave spinal cord via ventral root, join dorsal root in spinal nerve
33
Lower motor neurons are _____ to the innervated muscle
ipsilateral
34
Upper motor neurons are _____ to the innervated muscle
contralateral
35
Path of lateral corticospinal tract axons
Internal capsule → leave cerebral cortex → ventral midbrain → ventral pons → ventral medulla
36
Reticulospinal, vestibulospinal tracts
Extensor-biased UMNs; bilateral innervation from brainstem UMNs
37
Fasciculus cuneatus
Lateral dorsal column; carries upper limb first-order neurons ipsilateral to innervated muscle; T5+
38
Fasciculus gracilis
Medial dorsal column; carries lower limb first-order neurons ipsilateral to innervated muscle; T6-
39
Medial lemniscal system: functions
conscious proprioception, fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, pressure
40
Medial lemniscal system: 1st and 2nd order neurons synapse where?
Nucleus cuneatus, nucleus gracilis; ipsilateral to innervated muscle
41
Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system: cell bodies
First-order neuron: dorsal root ganglion, enter cord via large-diameter, myelinated, Ia, Ib, II, A-beta dorsal root fibers; Second-order neuron: medulla, ipsilateral to first order neuron; Third-order neuron: thalamus (ventropostero-lateral nucleus, VPL), contralateral to first and second order neurons
42
Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system: axons
First-order neuron: enter in medial dorsal root, ascend in the dorsal columns (Fasciculus cuneatus: upper limb, T5+ (lateral column), Fasciculus gracilis: lower limb, T6- (medial column)); Second-order neuron: crossed axons in medial lemniscus ascend through brainstem and project to VPL; Third-order neuron: project to primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
43
Anterolateral system - functions
pain and temperature
44
second order neurons of dorsal column - medial lemniscal system cross where
second order neurons cross only in the medulla
45
anterolateral system - cell bodies
First-order neuron: dorsal root ganglion, enter cord via thinly-myelinated (A-delta) or unmyelinated (C) fibers; Second-order neuron: dorsal horn of spinal cord segment 1-2 segments above first order neuron, ipsilateral; Third-order neuron: thalamus (ventropostero-lateral nucleus, VPL), contralateral to first and second order neurons
46
anterolateral system - axons
First-order neuron: enter in lateral dorsal root, ascend 1-2 spinal cord segments in Lissauer’s tract and enter dorsal horn; Second-order neuron: ascend in spinothalamic tract; Third-order neuron: project to primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
47
spinocerebellar system - function
convey unconscious proprioception from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs to the cerebellum [smoothly execute muscle contractions]
48
spinocerebellar system - cell bodies
First-order neuron: dorsal root ganglion; Second-order neuron: Clarke nucleus (lower limb) in spinal cord; or external cuneate nucleus in caudal medulla (upper limb)
49
spinocerebellar system - axons
First-order neuron: enter spinal cord by by of Ia, Ib dorsal root fibers; Second-order neuron: lower limb/trunk fibers travel ipsilaterally via dorsal spinocerebellar tract; upper limb/trunk fibers travel ipsilaterally via cuneocerebellar tract
50
Micturition: lesions in sacral cord, conus medullaris
flaccid / atonic bladder
51
Micturition: lesions between micturition center (pons) and sacral cord
spastic bladder
52
Micturition: lesions above pons
infantile bladder

Brain and Behavior (6 decks)

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