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Brain and Behavior > Brain and Behavior Flashcards - Day 2 > Flashcards

Brain and Behavior Flashcards - Day 2

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1
Q

Anterograde transport: motor protein

A

Kinesin

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2
Q

Anterograde transport: direction

A

toward synapse

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3
Q

Retrograde transport: motor protein

A

Dynein

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4
Q

Retrograde transport: direction

A

toward cell body

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5
Q

Anterograde transport: materials

A

organelles, vesicles, membranes, cytoskeletal and other proteins

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6
Q

Retrograde transport: materials

A

trophic factors, signaling molecules, endosomes & lysosomes

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7
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth

A

demyelination disorder caused by dominant mutations in PMP22 (peripheral myelin protein 22)

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8
Q

Differences between PNS and CNS synaptic transmission

A

CNS: postsynaptic ion channels can open or close, produce excitatory or inhibitory stimulus (depending on the NT)
PNS: one end plate potential always generates muscle contraction

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9
Q

Botulinum, tetanus toxin: site of action

A

affect proteins involved in vesicle fusion at synaptic cleft

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10
Q

presynaptic inhibition: mechanism

A

Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels (decreasing Ca++ influx by decreasing duration of AP)
Inducing increased conductance to Cl-, decreasing amplitude of AP in presynaptic terminal & opening of fewer Ca++ channels
Direct inhibition of NT release independent of Ca++ influx

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11
Q

presynaptic facilitation: mechanism

A

Enhanced influx of Ca++ (sometimes by closing of K+ channels); broadens the AP and allows Ca++ influx to persist for longer period of time

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12
Q

Factors inhibiting regeneration of CNS neurons

A

glial scar inhibits regenerative growth, molecules (Nogo, MAG, Slit) inhibit growth, and adult neurons have low intrinsic growth potential

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13
Q

Spinal cord ends at what level?

A

L2

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14
Q

How are the 31 cord segments divided?

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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15
Q

At what level(s) is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

L2 - S2

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16
Q

Where are cell bodies of axons in dorsal root?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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17
Q

Dorsal root, median division fibers are…

A

large-diameter, heavily-myelinated axons (Ia, Ib, II, A-beta fibers); send fibers somewhere other than dorsal root (ventral horn) → proprioceptive fibers that provide the mechanism to generate reflex action

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18
Q

Class Ia fibers

A

arise from muscle spindles in skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Class Ib fibers

A

arise from Golgi tendon organ in muscle tendon

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20
Q

Class II fibers

A

innervate muscle spindles

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21
Q

A-beta fibers

A

innervate mechanoreceptors in skin (touch, vibration, pressure)

22
Q

A-delta fibers

A

lateral division, thinly-myelinated, sense sharp pain and cold

23
Q

C fibers

A

lateral division, unmyelinated, sense dull pain and warmth

24
Q

Neuron types in ventral horn

A

alpha, gamma motor neurons

25
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

make muscle contract, cell bodies in VH, leave & innervate skeletal muscle

26
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

innervate muscle spindle, respond to increased stretching (increase sensitivity of the spindle)

27
Q

Enlargements / large VH occur in what spinal cord segments?

A

C5 - T1, L2 - S2

28
Q

Topographic organization of ventral horn

A

proximal muscles → distal muscles (medial → lateral); flexors → extensors (dorsal → ventral)

29
Q

How many neurons are required for voluntary skeletal muscle contraction?

A

2 (upper and lower motor neuron)

30
Q

Cell bodies of lower motor neurons are where?

A

Spinal cord gray matter (ventral horn)

31
Q

Location of cell bodies and axons of upper motor neurons?

A

Cell bodies: primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus); axons: cross midline @ pyramidal decussation, travel down spinal cord in lateral corticospinal tract

32
Q

Location of cell bodies and axons of lower motor neurons?

A

Cell bodies: ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter; axons: leave spinal cord via ventral root, join dorsal root in spinal nerve

33
Q

Lower motor neurons are _____ to the innervated muscle

A

ipsilateral

34
Q

Upper motor neurons are _____ to the innervated muscle

A

contralateral

35
Q

Path of lateral corticospinal tract axons

A

Internal capsule → leave cerebral cortex → ventral midbrain → ventral pons → ventral medulla

36
Q

Reticulospinal, vestibulospinal tracts

A

Extensor-biased UMNs; bilateral innervation from brainstem UMNs

37
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

Lateral dorsal column; carries upper limb first-order neurons ipsilateral to innervated muscle; T5+

38
Q

Fasciculus gracilis

A

Medial dorsal column; carries lower limb first-order neurons ipsilateral to innervated muscle; T6-

39
Q

Medial lemniscal system: functions

A

conscious proprioception, fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, pressure

40
Q

Medial lemniscal system: 1st and 2nd order neurons synapse where?

A

Nucleus cuneatus, nucleus gracilis; ipsilateral to innervated muscle

41
Q

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system: cell bodies

A

First-order neuron: dorsal root ganglion, enter cord via large-diameter, myelinated, Ia, Ib, II, A-beta dorsal root fibers; Second-order neuron: medulla, ipsilateral to first order neuron; Third-order neuron: thalamus (ventropostero-lateral nucleus, VPL), contralateral to first and second order neurons

42
Q

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system: axons

A

First-order neuron: enter in medial dorsal root, ascend in the dorsal columns (Fasciculus cuneatus: upper limb, T5+ (lateral column), Fasciculus gracilis: lower limb, T6- (medial column)); Second-order neuron: crossed axons in medial lemniscus ascend through brainstem and project to VPL; Third-order neuron: project to primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

43
Q

Anterolateral system - functions

A

pain and temperature

44
Q

second order neurons of dorsal column - medial lemniscal system cross where

A

second order neurons cross only in the medulla

45
Q

anterolateral system - cell bodies

A

First-order neuron: dorsal root ganglion, enter cord via thinly-myelinated (A-delta) or unmyelinated (C) fibers; Second-order neuron: dorsal horn of spinal cord segment 1-2 segments above first order neuron, ipsilateral; Third-order neuron: thalamus (ventropostero-lateral nucleus, VPL), contralateral to first and second order neurons

46
Q

anterolateral system - axons

A

First-order neuron: enter in lateral dorsal root, ascend 1-2 spinal cord segments in Lissauer’s tract and enter dorsal horn; Second-order neuron: ascend in spinothalamic tract; Third-order neuron: project to primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

47
Q

spinocerebellar system - function

A

convey unconscious proprioception from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs to the cerebellum [smoothly execute muscle contractions]

48
Q

spinocerebellar system - cell bodies

A

First-order neuron: dorsal root ganglion; Second-order neuron: Clarke nucleus (lower limb) in spinal cord; or external cuneate nucleus in caudal medulla (upper limb)

49
Q

spinocerebellar system - axons

A

First-order neuron: enter spinal cord by by of Ia, Ib dorsal root fibers; Second-order neuron: lower limb/trunk fibers travel ipsilaterally via dorsal spinocerebellar tract; upper limb/trunk fibers travel ipsilaterally via cuneocerebellar tract

50
Q

Micturition: lesions in sacral cord, conus medullaris

A

flaccid / atonic bladder

51
Q

Micturition: lesions between micturition center (pons) and sacral cord

A

spastic bladder

52
Q

Micturition: lesions above pons

A

infantile bladder

Brain and Behavior (6 decks)

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