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Brain and Behavior > Brain and Behavior Flashcards - Day 1 > Flashcards

Brain and Behavior Flashcards - Day 1

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1
Q

Sudden inability to produce language - above or below FM?

A

Above

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2
Q

Inability to move or feel both legs - above or below FM?

A

Below (arm, head, face, OK)

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3
Q

Sensory loss of entire right side of face, arm, and leg - above or below FM?

A

Above

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4
Q

Inability to walk - above or below FM?

A

Could be above or below

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5
Q

Weakness that worsens in the late afternoon - above or below FM?

A

Below

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6
Q

Weakness of the left face, arm, and leg - lesion is on what side of the brain?

A

Right

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7
Q

Color: bone on CT

A

white

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8
Q

Color: CSF on CT

A

black

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9
Q

Color: grey matter on T1 MRI

A

grey

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10
Q

Color: white matter on T1 MRI

A

white

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11
Q

Color: CSF on T1 MRI

A

black

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12
Q

Color: grey matter on T2 MRI

A

grey

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13
Q

Color: white matter on T2 MRI

A

black

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14
Q

Color: CSF on T2 MRI

A

white

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15
Q

Lissencephaly

A

Defect of cerebral cortex; all gyral folds and sulci are missing: smooth brain

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16
Q

Pachygyria

A

Broad, thick folds – gyral clefts do not extend all the way to ventricles

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17
Q

Polymicrogyria

A

Too many small gyri

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18
Q

Double cortex

A

gray matter lining ventricles; due to failure of neurons to migrate properly during development

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19
Q

Focal MCD

A

lack of grey/white differentiation in one location

20
Q

Diencephalon

A

Olfactory lobes, hippocampus, cerebrum

21
Q

Telencephalon

A

Retina, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

22
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum, pons

23
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

24
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain

25
Q

otx2

A

transcription factor essential for the formation of all anterior structures; absence of otx2 can result in anencephaly

26
Q

FGF

A

signals from anterior telencephalon, promote expression of Pax6 and repress Emx2

27
Q

Pax6 : Emx2 gradient

A

helps determine identities of neurons in the telencephalon along the AP axis; formed by mutual repression of each other’s expression

28
Q

Hox genes

A

Specifies rhombomere segmental identity along the AP axis

29
Q

Anterior - posterior patterning: rhombomere identity

A

Hox genes

30
Q

Dorso-ventral patterning

A

Localized inductive cues, including sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs)

31
Q

Shh is expressed where?

A

Ventral midline, nearly entire length of neural tube

32
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

loss of bifurcation of forebrain, results in single holosphere; one of key defects associated with its development is loss of key Shh signaling components

33
Q

How does Shh pattern the dorsal-ventral axis?

A

Different concentrations of Shh repress expression of certain transcription factors; some pairs of TxFx are mutually repressive → leads to combinatorial output of TxFx sequence that determines cell fate along the dorsal-ventral axis

34
Q

Potency of neural crest cells

A

multipotent

35
Q

Fates of neural crest cells

A

Sensory ganglia
Non-neuronal melanocytes
Adrenal neuro-secretory cells
Autonomic ganglia

36
Q

Inside-out maturation

A

newer neurons migrate past older neurons to assume more superficial positions; newest neurons are at the surface, applies to EXCITATORY neurons

37
Q

Inhibitory neurons: migration

A

generated in ventral telencephalon & migrate to cortex

38
Q

Failure of GABAnergic specification or migration can lead to…

A

inhibitory interneurons in cortex & epilepsy

39
Q

Guidance cues

A

Secreted and transmembrane molecules that influence axon trajectories.

40
Q

Robo-3 receptor

A

guidance cue receptor; defects in humans can lead to horizontal gaze palsy

41
Q

EphrinA

A

repellent, expressed at HIGH levels in POSTERIOR tectum; axons expressing high levels of EphA terminate in anterior positions

42
Q

EphrinB

A

attractant, expressed at HIGH levels in VENTRAL tectum; axons expressing high levels of EphB are drawn to ventral positions

43
Q

Neurotrophins

A

family of extracellular signaling molecules; promote the survival of specific neurons

44
Q

Trophic factors

A

secreted by post-synaptic cells, required for cell survival

45
Q

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

A

trophic factor, secreted by sympathetic targets, taken up by sympathetic nerve endings & transported back to the cell body, prevents neurons from self-destructing

Brain and Behavior (6 decks)

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