Brain anatomy

Question 1

What does the cranium consist of and in what proportions?

Answer 1

80% brain
10% blood
10% CSF

Question 2

What does CSF do (4)

Answer 2

Surrounds brain (acts as a cushion)
Fills ventricles
Produces blood
Provides nourishment

Question 3

How does the brain look during very early development?

Answer 3

Tubular

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

Question 4

How does the brain look during early development

Answer 4

Begins to expand

Forebrain splits into telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 5

In later development how does the brain grow?

Answer 5

Telencephalon: cortex and basal ganglia
Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
Midbrain: tectum and tegmentum
Hindbrain: cerebellum, pons and medulla
Spinal cord forms

Question 6

How does the brain develop in its final stage?

Answer 6

Telencephalon mushrooms out
Diencephalon becomes rounded 
Midbrain shrinks under diencephalon
Spinal cord becomes more vertical
Cerebellum forms its rounded shape

Question 7

Sagittal

Answer 7

View of brain from the side

Question 8

Coronal

Answer 8

View of brain from the back

Question 9

Axial

Answer 9

View of brain from the top

Question 10

Rostral/anterior –> caudal/posterior

Answer 10

Right to left (side view)

Question 11

Dorsal/superior

Answer 11

Towards the top

Question 12

Ventral/inferior

Answer 12

Towards the bottom

Question 13

Lateral medial lateral

Answer 13

Right to left (front view)

Question 14

Ipsilateral

Answer 14

Same side

Question 15

Contralateral

Answer 15

Opposite side

Question 16

Proximal

Answer 16

Close

Question 17

Distal

Answer 17

Far

Question 18

Afferent

Answer 18

Towards brain (sensory)

Question 19

Efferent

Answer 19

Away from the brain (motor)

Question 20

Substructures of the basal ganglia

Answer 20

Candate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidas
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

Question 21

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 21

Motor control and reward (dopamine)

Question 22

What diseases result from damage to the basal ganglia?

Answer 22

Parkinson’s and Huntingdon’s Corea

Question 23

What are the 3 regions in the limbic system and their roles?

Answer 23

Cingulate gyrus: cognitive control
Hippocampus (+ fornix and mammillary bodies): memory and navigation
Amygdala: emotion and fear

Question 24

What are the 3 regions of the diencephalon and their roles?

Answer 24

Thalamus
Lateral geniculate nucleus: rely between retina and primary visual cortex
Hypothalamus: control of hormones and ANS

Question 25

Substructures of the midbrain and their roles

Answer 25

Tectum
- Superior colliculli: vision and eye movements
- Inferior colliculli: auditory
Tegmentum
- Reticular formation: arousal, sleep
- Periaqeductual grey: pain, defensive behaviour
- Red nucleus: motor control

Question 26

Cerebellum

Answer 26

50% of brains neurons found here
Dense, regular structure with cortex and nuclei
Precise control of action
Timing, learning and cognition

Question 27

Role of pons

Answer 27

Relay between cortex and cerebellum

Question 28

Role of medulla oblongata

Answer 28

Regulation/control of breathing and heart rate

Question 29

Sulcus

Answer 29

Groove/fold inwards

Question 30

Gyrus

Answer 30

Bulge outwards

Question 31

Grey matter

Answer 31

Cell bodies

Question 32

White matter

Answer 32

Myelinated neurons

Question 33

What is cytoarchitecture?

Answer 33

Visual cell arrangement under microscope

Question 34

Occipital assocation cortex

Answer 34

Complex visual processing

Question 35

Parietal association cortex

Answer 35

Space and action

Question 36

Temporal association cortex

Answer 36

Objects, memory, semantics and language

Question 37

Frontal association cortex

Answer 37

Planning, control, decision and language