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NSCI 200 > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major sections of the brain

A

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
Forebrain (Telencephalon, Diencephalon)

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2
Q

What are the three major parts of the Rhombencephalon

A

Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Pons

A
  • Regulates breathing and sleep/wake cycles
  • Axons on each half of the brain cross to other side of spinal cord (ensures contra laterality)
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4
Q

What are the functions of the Medulla

A

Regulation of involuntary processes
- Breathing rhythm
- Frequency of heart beats
- Vomiting
- Blood pressure
- Cough reflex
Proprioception
- helps determine position of body relative to environment and rest of the body

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5
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebellum

A

-Movement, balance, coordination, procedural memories, shifts between auditory and visual stimuli

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6
Q

What are some other structures found within the Pons

A

Fibre tracts
Parts of the Reticular Formation
Nuclei for Cranial nerves
Locus Coeruleus (LC)

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7
Q

What Does the Locus Coeruleus do

A

Produces norepinephrine
- arousal (Attention)
- Memory
- stress response

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8
Q

What some other structures found within the Medulla

A

Reticular Formation (caudal region)
Nuclei for several cranial nerves

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9
Q

What is the Reticular Formation

A

network of interconnected nuclei that extends through the Pons, medulla and midbrain
Contains Raphe Nuclei

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10
Q

What are the functions of the Reticular Formation

A

Regulates sleep/wake cycles, and circadian rhythm
Coordinates
- heart rate
- Blood pressure
- Respiration
- anticipatory changes in muscle tones
- stabilization of posture during voluntary movement

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11
Q

What are the components of the Brainstem

A

Medulla Pons Midbrain

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12
Q

What are the functions of Raphe Nuclei

A

Produces Serotonin
- affects mood, emotion , response to stress
Outputs to spinal cord, thalamus which affects the perception of pain

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13
Q

What are the major components of the Mesencephalon and what are their positions relative to each other

A

Tegmentum (ventral) and Tectum (dorsal)

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14
Q

What is the function of the Superior Colliculus in the Tectum

A

Process and integrate sensory info from Auditory + Visual + Somato Sensory systems
- uses info to coordinate head and eye movement for gaze shift

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15
Q

What is the function of the Inferior Colliculus in the Tectum

A

Processes and integrates information from Auditory + Somato sensory systems
- Determines where sounds is comings from
- Filters sounds
- initiates wakefulness in response to certain sounds

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16
Q

What is the Cerebral Peduncle

A

Contains white matter Fibre tracts from brain to spinal cord

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17
Q

What are some parts within the Tegmentum

A

Substantia Nigra
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Cerebral Peduncle
Parts of the Reticular formation

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18
Q

What is the function of the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

Contains neurons that produce dopamine
Controls behaviours
- Memory
- learning
- Motivation
- reward processing

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19
Q

What are the functions of the Substantia Nigra

A

Produces Dopamine
- outputs to the Basal Ganglia
- contributes to regulation of initiating movement
- involved with spatial learning and reward processing

20
Q

What are the main components of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus + Hypothalamus + Pineal Gland + Pituitary Gland

21
Q

What are the main components of the Telencephalon

A

Cerebral Cortex + Hippocampus + Amygdala + Olfactory Bulbs + Basal Ganglia

22
Q

What are the functions of the Thalamus

A

receives sensory/motor inputs (except olfactory) and relays to cerebral cortex
- includes the nuclei Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

23
Q

What is the function of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Receives visual info from retina and goes to primary visual cortex

24
Q

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis in body
- Eating, drinking, sexual and motivated behaviour
Contains many nuclei
- Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
- Mammilary nuclei
- Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

25
Q

Function of the Lateral Hypothalamus Nuclei

A

Stimulate waking state and Appetite

26
Q

Function of the Mammilary nuclei

A

Episodic and Spatial memory

27
Q

Function of the Suprchiasmatic Nucleus

A

Set circadian rhythm (Can work without environmental signals)

28
Q

What is the Function of the Pineal Gland

A

Produces Melatonin
- Photosensitive
Stimulates hibernation and Shedding

29
Q

What is the function of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Stores and releases:
- Oxytocin = (manages key aspects of reproduction system)
- Vasopressin (Maintaining homeostasis)

30
Q

What is the Posterior Pituitary gland composed of

A

Axons of neurons from the paraventricular and supratic nucleus from the hypothalamus
- releases hormones directly to the blood

31
Q

What is the function of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Releases Hormones and regulates the Endocrine system
- Releases hormones into blood through hypophyseal portals

32
Q

What comprises of the Limbic System

A

(4 Limbs + 1)
- Hypothalamus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Olfactory Bulbs
- Cingulate Gyrus

33
Q

What are the Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

34
Q

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe

A

Risks, judgment, motor function , impulse control, planning/controlling voluntary movement

35
Q

What is the function of the Temporal Lobe

A

-Processing auditory info and visual info for future recognition
-Processing emotions
-Forming long term memories
-Language processing

36
Q

What is the function of the Parietal Lobe

A
  • Visual Mapping + Spatial navigation
  • Process info from somato sensory system
  • Coordinating fine motor movements
  • Manipulation of objects and bodily sensations
37
Q

What is the function of the Occipital Lobe

A

Processing sensory information from the eyes via the thalamus

38
Q

What is the Function of the amygdala

A

Fear centre
- processing
- production
- memories

39
Q

What is the Function of the Olfactory bulbs

A

Process Olfactory Senses (Smell)

40
Q

what are the function so the hippocampus

A

Memory Centre
- Episodic + Spatial + Contextual Memory
- Converts Short-term memories into Long-term Memories

41
Q

What are the general functions of the Basal Ganglia

A

Procedural learning + motivation/reward processing

42
Q

What are the Basal Ganglia and what the structures that make it up

A

A group of large Nuclei
- Caudate nucleus + Putamen (Dorsal striatum)
- Nucleus accumbens (Ventral Striatum)
- Globus pallidus

43
Q

What are the functions of the Caudate nucleus

A

voluntary movement

44
Q

What are the functions of the Putamen

A

receives input and sends to globes pallidus

45
Q

What are the functions of the Global Pallidus

A

Posture control

46
Q

What are the functions of the Nucleus Accumbens

A

reward processing
receives dopaminergenic inputs

NSCI 200 (5 decks)

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