brain Flashcards
a. Frontal lobe
controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors. It is, in essence, the “control panel” of our personality and our ability to communicate
i. Primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus BA #4
1. Voluntary motor control
2. Innervation can be diagrammed as a motor homunculus
ii. Premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortices
1. Process motor information, plans and coordinates learned, skilled motor activities
2. Supplementary tells primary
iii. Prefrontal cortex: who we are, personality, executive functions
1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
a. Executive functions (organizing, planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking)
b. Working memory
2. Orbitofrontal cortex
a. Modulating emotions and behaviors
b. Inhibition
c. Adaptive learning, rewards and emotion
3. ` Anterior cingulate cortex
a. Motivational behavior
b. Reward-based learning (error detection and outcome monitoring)
c. Pain processing
i. Primary motor cortex
frontal lobe part
- Voluntary motor control
- Innervation can be diagrammed as a motor homunculus
ii. Premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortices
frontal lobe part
- Process motor information, plans and coordinates learned, skilled motor activities
- Supplementary tells primary
iii. Prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe
who we are, personality, executive functions
1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
a. Executive functions (organizing, planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking)
b. Working memory
2. Orbitofrontal cortex
a. Modulating emotions and behaviors
b. Inhibition
c. Adaptive learning, rewards and emotion
3. Anterior cingulate cortex
a. Motivational behavior
b. Reward-based learning (error detection and outcome monitoring)
c. Pain processing
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
part of prefrontal cortex (which is part of frontal lobe)
a. Executive functions (organizing, planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking)
b. Working memory
- Orbitofrontal cortex
part of prefrontal cortex (which is part of frontal lobe)
a. Modulating emotions and behaviors
b. Inhibition
c. Adaptive learning, rewards and emotion
- Anterior cingulate cortex
part of prefrontal cortex (which is part of frontal lobe)
a. Motivational behavior
b. Reward-based learning (error detection and outcome monitoring)
c. Pain processing
Parietal lobe
it functions in processing sensory information
i. Primary somatosensory cortex
1. Receives general somatic sensory info from touch, pressure receptors
a. Postcentral gyrus BA 3, 1, 2 (sensory homunculus)
ii. Somatosensory association cortex
1. Integrates and interprets sensory information
temporal lobe
Involved in hearing and smell
i. Medial temporal lobe
1. Structures associated with limbic system
a. Memory, learning, aggression, emotion
b. Hippocampus (learning, storing memories, forming long-term memory)
c. Amygdala- anterior to hippocampus, connections with many sensory input and emotions
i. Role is establishing associations between sensory input and emotions
ii. Helps sort and ocde memories based on how they are emotionally perceived
iii. fear
ii. Insula
1. Primary gustatory cortex
a. Processes taste information
occipital lobe
vision
a. Broca’s area
supplementary planning region
i. Controls muscle actions need for speech
ii. Inferolateral portion of the frontal lobe in the LEFT hemisphere
broca’s aphasia- patient can understand spoken language but has difficulty communicating verbally
b. Wernicke’s area
i. Recognizing and comprehending written and spoken language
ii. Within LEFT hemisphere overlaps the parietal and temporal lobes
wernicke’s aphasia- fluent speech, impaired repetition and comprehension. wordy but meaningless speech
hippocampus
i. Learning, storing memories, and forming long-term memory
medial temporal lobe
d. Amygdala
i. Role in establishing associations between sensory input and emotions
ii. Helps sort and code memories based on how they are emotionally perceived
iii. Emotion, especially fear
location- medial temporal lobe
e. Cerebellum
i. Higher cognitive function
limbic system
a. Structures of limbic system form a ring around diencephalon
b. Structures collectively process and experience emotions
c. Affects memory formation through the integration of past memories of physical sensations with emotional states
emotion, seeking out food due to hunger, thirst
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus
a. Cerebral nuclei
i. Control of posture and voluntary motor movements, adjust motor commands, coordinating movement Includes 1. Caudate nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus pallidus
b. Diencephalon
i. Grey matter surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
ii. Composed of three paired structures
1. Thalamus: Relay center
2. Hypothalamus
a. Master regulation- Autonomic, endocrine, thirst/hunger, sleep/wake, unconscious and primitive functions
3. Epithalamus
a. Pineal gland, secretes melatonin and involved in sleep/wake cycle
cerebellum
a. Coordinates voluntary motor activity
i. Precision, timing, and error-correction
b. Control of muscle tone and posture
c. Motor learning and classical conditioning
i. Eye blink, visceromotor conditioning, vestibuloocular reflex
d. Coordinates higher cognitive functions
i. Problem solving, abstraction, directed attention
e. Coordinates emotional processing
f. ALL FUNCTIONS ARE IPSILATERAL- left controlled by left, right by right
i. Injury to cerebellum= lack of motor coordination, lack of balance, some cognitive disorganization
brainstem
a. General functions
i. Consciousness and awareness
ii. Autonomic behaviors needed for survival
iii. Auditory and visual reflexes
iv. Motor and sensory innervation to the head and neck via the cranial nerves
3 parts :
b. Midbrain
i. Motor functions
1. Cerebral peduncles: primarily motor axons
2. Substantia nigra: neurons secrete dopamine
a. Control of voluntary movements through connections to the basal ganglia
3. Red nucleus: involuntary motor control
4. Auditory reflexes: inferior colliculi
5. Visual reflexes: superior colliculi
6. Reticular formation
c. Pons
i. Contains corticospinal tract fibers
ii. Regulation of breathing
1. Autonomic nuclei in the pontine respiratory center
iii. Hearing
1. Superior olivary nuclei receive auditory input and help localize sound
iv. Balance
1. Nuclei that relay info from the cerebellum
v. Sleep regulation
vi. Somatosensation: medial lemniscus
d. Medulla oblongata
i. Motor information
1. pyramids : corticospinal tracts
a. Pyramidal decussation
ii. Autonomic nuclei
1. Cardiovascular center
2. Medullary respiratory center
iii. Other nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting
b. Midbrain
part of brainstem
i. Motor functions
1. Cerebral peduncles: primarily motor axons
2. Substantia nigra: neurons secrete dopamine
a. Control of voluntary movements through connections to the basal ganglia
3. Red nucleus: involuntary motor control
4. Auditory reflexes: inferior colliculi
5. Visual reflexes: superior colliculi
6. Reticular formation
pons
i. Contains corticospinal tract fibers
ii. Regulation of breathing
1. Autonomic nuclei in the pontine respiratory center
iii. Hearing
1. Superior olivary nuclei receive auditory input and help localize sound
iv. Balance
1. Nuclei that relay info from the cerebellum
v. Sleep regulation
vi. Somatosensation: medial lemniscus
d. Medulla oblongata
i. Motor information
1. pyramids : corticospinal tracts
a. Pyramidal decussation
ii. Autonomic nuclei
1. Cardiovascular center
2. Medullary respiratory center
iii. Other nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting
CN1
olfactory nerve
most anterior, associated with cerebrum not brainstem
smell
foramin: foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
CN II
optic nerve
associated with thalamus, not brainstem
vision
cranial exit: optic canal
CN III
oculomotor
- innervates extrinsic eye muscles
- parasympathetic
- ciliary ganglion- ciliary muscle and to the pupillary constrictor muscle of iris
cranial exit: surperior orbial fissure
CN IV
trochlear nerve
movement of eyes- superior obliques
cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
CN V
trigeminal
sensation of face, sinuses and teeth,
movement of haw, muscles of mastication (chewing)
to test: clench teeth, touch both sides of face and see if both sides feel the same
cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
CN VI
abducens
movement of eye laterally
check: move finger laterally and have patient follow
cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
CN VII
facial nerve
- innervates muscle of facial expression
- parasympathetic:
i. pteryhopalatine ganglion: lacrimal glands (tears) and small nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate
ii. submandibular ganglion: submandibular (beneath jaw) and sublingual (under tongue) salivary glands
cranial exit: enters skull through internal acoustic meatus, branch to facial muscles exits skull via stylomastoid foramen
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear
hearing, balance and orientation (vestibular sensation)
check: snap finger and ask which side
cranial exit: internal acoustic meatus
CN IX
Glossophaaryngeal innervation to stylopharyngeus muscle taste- posterior 1/3 of tongue sensation of middle and external ear innervation of the parotid gland parasympathetic: otic ganglion to get to parotid gland
cranial exit: jugular foramen
CN X
vagus nerve
parasympathetic innervation
taste (superior pharynx)
innervation to muscles of pharynx (swallowing) and larynx (speaking)
autonomic innervation to thorax and abdomen
if sound hourse so might be concerning= speaking
check: swallowing
cranial exit: jugular foramen
CN XI
spinal accessory
movement of neck and shoulders
test= shrug shoulders
cranial exit: jugular foramen
CN XII
hypoglossal nerve movement of tongue check: Movement of tongue, and if slurred words Tongue moves away from were injury is cranial exit: hypoglossal canal
meninges of the brain
a. Functions:
i. Cover and protect the brain
ii. Enclose and protect blood vessels
iii. Stabilize the brain
iv. Contain CSF
b. Dura mater
i. Thick
ii. Dural venous sinuses
1. Superior sagittal sinus
2. Inferior sagittal sinus
3. Transverse sinuses
4. Straight sinuses
5. Confluence of sinuses
c. Arachnoid mater
i. Subarachnoid space/ arachnoid trabeculae
1. Web like threads extending from arachnoid to pia mater
a. Open space, keeps layers separate, blood vessels here
d. Pia mater - very thin so can’t see it
ventricles in brain
a. Lateral
i. Under corpus callosum
b. Third
i. Separates the thalamus
c. Fourth
i. Between brainstem and cerebellum
are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
cerebral spina fluid production and circulation
a. Production
i. Produced by choroid plexus ( ependymal cells)
b. Circulation
i. Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen of monroe → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → lateral or median apertures OR central canal → subarachnoid space → arachnoid granulations → dural venous sinuses
c. Function
i. Buoyancy
ii. Protection
iii. Environmental stability
iv. Hormone transport
