Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > brain > Flashcards

brain Flashcards

1
Q

a. Frontal lobe

A

controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors. It is, in essence, the “control panel” of our personality and our ability to communicate

i. Primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus BA #4
1. Voluntary motor control
2. Innervation can be diagrammed as a motor homunculus
ii. Premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortices
1. Process motor information, plans and coordinates learned, skilled motor activities
2. Supplementary tells primary
iii. Prefrontal cortex: who we are, personality, executive functions
1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
a. Executive functions (organizing, planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking)
b. Working memory
2. Orbitofrontal cortex
a. Modulating emotions and behaviors
b. Inhibition
c. Adaptive learning, rewards and emotion
3. ` Anterior cingulate cortex
a. Motivational behavior
b. Reward-based learning (error detection and outcome monitoring)
c. Pain processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

i. Primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe part

  1. Voluntary motor control
  2. Innervation can be diagrammed as a motor homunculus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ii. Premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortices

A

frontal lobe part

  1. Process motor information, plans and coordinates learned, skilled motor activities
  2. Supplementary tells primary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

iii. Prefrontal cortex

A

part of frontal lobe
who we are, personality, executive functions
1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
a. Executive functions (organizing, planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking)
b. Working memory
2. Orbitofrontal cortex
a. Modulating emotions and behaviors
b. Inhibition
c. Adaptive learning, rewards and emotion
3. Anterior cingulate cortex
a. Motivational behavior
b. Reward-based learning (error detection and outcome monitoring)
c. Pain processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
A

part of prefrontal cortex (which is part of frontal lobe)

a. Executive functions (organizing, planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking)
b. Working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. Orbitofrontal cortex
A

part of prefrontal cortex (which is part of frontal lobe)

a. Modulating emotions and behaviors
b. Inhibition
c. Adaptive learning, rewards and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. Anterior cingulate cortex
A

part of prefrontal cortex (which is part of frontal lobe)

a. Motivational behavior
b. Reward-based learning (error detection and outcome monitoring)
c. Pain processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parietal lobe

A

it functions in processing sensory information

i. Primary somatosensory cortex
1. Receives general somatic sensory info from touch, pressure receptors
a. Postcentral gyrus BA 3, 1, 2 (sensory homunculus)
ii. Somatosensory association cortex
1. Integrates and interprets sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

temporal lobe

A

Involved in hearing and smell

i. Medial temporal lobe
1. Structures associated with limbic system
a. Memory, learning, aggression, emotion
b. Hippocampus (learning, storing memories, forming long-term memory)

c. Amygdala- anterior to hippocampus, connections with many sensory input and emotions
i. Role is establishing associations between sensory input and emotions
ii. Helps sort and ocde memories based on how they are emotionally perceived
iii. fear

ii. Insula
1. Primary gustatory cortex
a. Processes taste information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a. Broca’s area

A

supplementary planning region

i. Controls muscle actions need for speech
ii. Inferolateral portion of the frontal lobe in the LEFT hemisphere

broca’s aphasia- patient can understand spoken language but has difficulty communicating verbally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

b. Wernicke’s area

A

i. Recognizing and comprehending written and spoken language
ii. Within LEFT hemisphere overlaps the parietal and temporal lobes

wernicke’s aphasia- fluent speech, impaired repetition and comprehension. wordy but meaningless speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hippocampus

A

i. Learning, storing memories, and forming long-term memory

medial temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

d. Amygdala

A

i. Role in establishing associations between sensory input and emotions
ii. Helps sort and code memories based on how they are emotionally perceived
iii. Emotion, especially fear

location- medial temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

e. Cerebellum

A

i. Higher cognitive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

limbic system

A

a. Structures of limbic system form a ring around diencephalon
b. Structures collectively process and experience emotions
c. Affects memory formation through the integration of past memories of physical sensations with emotional states

emotion, seeking out food due to hunger, thirst
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus

17
Q

a. Cerebral nuclei

A 
i.	Control of posture and voluntary motor movements, adjust motor commands, coordinating movement 
Includes
1.	Caudate nucleus
2.	Putamen
3.	Globus pallidus
18
Q

b. Diencephalon

A

i. Grey matter surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
ii. Composed of three paired structures
1. Thalamus: Relay center
2. Hypothalamus
a. Master regulation- Autonomic, endocrine, thirst/hunger, sleep/wake, unconscious and primitive functions
3. Epithalamus
a. Pineal gland, secretes melatonin and involved in sleep/wake cycle

19
Q

cerebellum

A

a. Coordinates voluntary motor activity
i. Precision, timing, and error-correction
b. Control of muscle tone and posture
c. Motor learning and classical conditioning
i. Eye blink, visceromotor conditioning, vestibuloocular reflex
d. Coordinates higher cognitive functions
i. Problem solving, abstraction, directed attention
e. Coordinates emotional processing
f. ALL FUNCTIONS ARE IPSILATERAL- left controlled by left, right by right
i. Injury to cerebellum= lack of motor coordination, lack of balance, some cognitive disorganization

20
Q

brainstem

A

a. General functions
i. Consciousness and awareness
ii. Autonomic behaviors needed for survival
iii. Auditory and visual reflexes
iv. Motor and sensory innervation to the head and neck via the cranial nerves

3 parts :

b. Midbrain
i. Motor functions
1. Cerebral peduncles: primarily motor axons
2. Substantia nigra: neurons secrete dopamine
a. Control of voluntary movements through connections to the basal ganglia
3. Red nucleus: involuntary motor control
4. Auditory reflexes: inferior colliculi
5. Visual reflexes: superior colliculi
6. Reticular formation
c. Pons
i. Contains corticospinal tract fibers
ii. Regulation of breathing
1. Autonomic nuclei in the pontine respiratory center
iii. Hearing
1. Superior olivary nuclei receive auditory input and help localize sound
iv. Balance
1. Nuclei that relay info from the cerebellum
v. Sleep regulation
vi. Somatosensation: medial lemniscus
d. Medulla oblongata
i. Motor information
1. pyramids : corticospinal tracts
a. Pyramidal decussation
ii. Autonomic nuclei
1. Cardiovascular center
2. Medullary respiratory center
iii. Other nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting

21
Q

b. Midbrain

A

part of brainstem

i. Motor functions
1. Cerebral peduncles: primarily motor axons
2. Substantia nigra: neurons secrete dopamine
a. Control of voluntary movements through connections to the basal ganglia
3. Red nucleus: involuntary motor control
4. Auditory reflexes: inferior colliculi
5. Visual reflexes: superior colliculi
6. Reticular formation

22
Q

pons

A

i. Contains corticospinal tract fibers
ii. Regulation of breathing
1. Autonomic nuclei in the pontine respiratory center
iii. Hearing
1. Superior olivary nuclei receive auditory input and help localize sound
iv. Balance
1. Nuclei that relay info from the cerebellum
v. Sleep regulation
vi. Somatosensation: medial lemniscus

23
Q

d. Medulla oblongata

A

i. Motor information
1. pyramids : corticospinal tracts
a. Pyramidal decussation
ii. Autonomic nuclei
1. Cardiovascular center
2. Medullary respiratory center
iii. Other nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting

24
Q

CN1

A

olfactory nerve
most anterior, associated with cerebrum not brainstem
smell

foramin: foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

25
Q

CN II

A

optic nerve
associated with thalamus, not brainstem
vision

cranial exit: optic canal

26
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor

  1. innervates extrinsic eye muscles
  2. parasympathetic
    - ciliary ganglion- ciliary muscle and to the pupillary constrictor muscle of iris

cranial exit: surperior orbial fissure

27
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear nerve
movement of eyes- superior obliques

cranial exit: superior orbital fissure

28
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal
sensation of face, sinuses and teeth,
movement of haw, muscles of mastication (chewing)
to test: clench teeth, touch both sides of face and see if both sides feel the same

cranial exit: superior orbital fissure

29
Q

CN VI

A

abducens
movement of eye laterally
check: move finger laterally and have patient follow

cranial exit: superior orbital fissure

30
Q

CN VII

A

facial nerve

  1. innervates muscle of facial expression
  2. parasympathetic:
    i. pteryhopalatine ganglion: lacrimal glands (tears) and small nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate
    ii. submandibular ganglion: submandibular (beneath jaw) and sublingual (under tongue) salivary glands

cranial exit: enters skull through internal acoustic meatus, branch to facial muscles exits skull via stylomastoid foramen

31
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear
hearing, balance and orientation (vestibular sensation)
check: snap finger and ask which side
cranial exit: internal acoustic meatus

32
Q

CN IX

A 
Glossophaaryngeal
innervation to stylopharyngeus muscle
taste- posterior 1/3 of tongue
sensation of middle and external ear
innervation of the parotid gland
parasympathetic: otic ganglion  to get to parotid gland

cranial exit: jugular foramen

33
Q

CN X

A

vagus nerve
parasympathetic innervation
taste (superior pharynx)
innervation to muscles of pharynx (swallowing) and larynx (speaking)
autonomic innervation to thorax and abdomen
if sound hourse so might be concerning= speaking

check: swallowing

cranial exit: jugular foramen

34
Q

CN XI

A

spinal accessory
movement of neck and shoulders
test= shrug shoulders

cranial exit: jugular foramen

35
Q

CN XII

A 
hypoglossal nerve
movement of tongue
check: Movement of tongue, and if slurred words
Tongue moves away from were injury is
cranial exit: hypoglossal canal
36
Q

meninges of the brain

A

a. Functions:
i. Cover and protect the brain
ii. Enclose and protect blood vessels
iii. Stabilize the brain
iv. Contain CSF
b. Dura mater
i. Thick
ii. Dural venous sinuses
1. Superior sagittal sinus
2. Inferior sagittal sinus
3. Transverse sinuses
4. Straight sinuses
5. Confluence of sinuses
c. Arachnoid mater
i. Subarachnoid space/ arachnoid trabeculae
1. Web like threads extending from arachnoid to pia mater
a. Open space, keeps layers separate, blood vessels here
d. Pia mater - very thin so can’t see it

37
Q

ventricles in brain

A

a. Lateral
i. Under corpus callosum
b. Third
i. Separates the thalamus
c. Fourth
i. Between brainstem and cerebellum

are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

38
Q

cerebral spina fluid production and circulation

A

a. Production
i. Produced by choroid plexus ( ependymal cells)
b. Circulation
i. Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen of monroe → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → lateral or median apertures OR central canal → subarachnoid space → arachnoid granulations → dural venous sinuses
c. Function
i. Buoyancy
ii. Protection
iii. Environmental stability
iv. Hormone transport

anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions