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BOARDS: Neuromuscular > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus

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2
Q

What else does the central sulcus split? (think gyri)

A

splits between primary motor cortex (anterior) and primary somatic sensory cortex (posterior)
- so motor cortex is in frontal, sensory cortex is in parietal

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3
Q

What does the precentral gyrus do?

A

aka primary motor cortex

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4
Q

What does brocha’s area do?

A

expression of language = controls motor aspect of speech

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5
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

occipital
frontal
temporal
parietal

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6
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

receives info on touch, proprioceptive, pain, and temp sensations from opposite side of body

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7
Q

Where is the primary auditory complex found?

A

temporal lobe

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8
Q

Describe the difference between Brocha’s and Wernicke’s areas.

A 
brochas = speech production, in frontal lobe
wernicke's = speech comprehension, in temporal lobe
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9
Q

What is the sylvian sulcus?

A

lateral sulcus, separating temporal lobe from parietal/frontal lobes

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10
Q

What is the insula and where is it found?

A

Found deep in lateral/sylvian sulcus, insula is associated with visceral functions

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11
Q

Where is the limbic system and what does it consist of? What does it do?

A

found in the deep center of the brain

  • consists of hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus (big players)
  • this system is the center for emotional responsiveness, memory formation, motivation, sexual response
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter in the brain?

A

1) transverse (comissural) fibers = connect the two hemispheres… aka corpus collosum
2) projection fibers = connect hemispheres to spinal cord
3) association fibers = connect different portions of the hemispheres together

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13
Q

T/F: The lenticular nucleus is not part of the basal ganglia.

A

false - lenticular nucleus is globus palladus and putamen, which are part of basal ganglia

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14
Q

Compare/contrast R vs L hemisphere

A

L hemisphere: language production/understanding

R hemi: spatial perception, visual perception (faces, objects, understanding emotions/gestures)
- think of perception of our world as drinking from a firehose: and we’re able to comprehend all these messages we receive

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15
Q

Which of the following is not considered part of the basal ganglia?

a) putamen
b) nucleus accumbens
c) substantia nigra
d) globus pallidus
e) thalamus

A

E) thalamus is not, all else are basal ganglia

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16
Q

What are the 3 loops of the basal ganglia?

A

1) caudate (occulomotor)
2) putamen (motor)
3) limbic (exec function, problem solving, motivation)

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17
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

it’s a relay station for all sensory info before it gets to the cerebellum except for olfactory

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18
Q

What pieces make up the diencephalon? (3)

A

1) thalamus
2) hypothalamus
3) subthalamus

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19
Q

If the hypothalamus was damaged, what would be the presentation?

A

inability to control autonomic nervous system, endocrine system; inability to maintain homeostasis (regulate temp, water balance, pituitary fxn/sexual behavior)

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20
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

secrete hormones that influence pituitary gland and otherr organs

influences circadian rhythm

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21
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem, superior to inferior?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

22
Q

Decussation of the corticospinal tracts occurs where?

A

crossing of CS tracts occurs in pyraminds, which is in the medulla

23
Q

Why is damage to the brain stem so bad?

A

cranial nerves are organized here, and lots of autonomic function as well

24
Q

What motor neurons innervate the intrafusal fibers?

A

gamma motor neurons (these are efferent)

25
Q

What motor neurons innervate the extrafusal fibers?

A

alpha motor neurons (these are the ones we think of)

26
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

the intrafusal fibers of a muscle fiber, with the afferent(annulospiral)/efferent(Y motor neuron) innervations it gets

27
Q

T/F: motor neurons are able to manipulate movement on their own; sufficient in and of themselves.

A

False, they have to be told what to do by sensory info

28
Q

Are muscle spindles in a muscle fiber?

A

yes: tiny little capsules within the contractile fibers -> they open up to reveal tiny little intrafusal fibers

29
Q

T/F: intrafusal fibers produce the force of contraction for muscle.

A

FALSE these are extrafusal fibers
- intrafusal detect speed and stretch primarily… they also have small contractile capabilities for themselves but not for the entire muscle for force production

30
Q

Describe the stretch reflex in terms of the afferent/efferent things going on.

A

1) muscle is stretched -> this is sensed by the intrafusal afferent fibers (1a)
2) 1a afferents directly synapse onto the motor neurons of the same muscle (in anterior horn of spinal cord)
3) once that alpha motor neuron gets information (hey i’m being stretched) from the 1a, it sends a motor action back to that same fiber (contract, oppose the stretch!)
4) the motor neuron synapses on the extrafusal fibers, executing the contraction

  • at same time, synergistic muscles are excited, antagonistic muscles are inhibited (via 1a inhibitory neuron)
31
Q

For those with low tone, do they have a hyperactive or hypoactive stretch reflex?

A

hypoactive: b/c lacking alpha/gamma cocontraction (gamma not stimulating intrafusal contraction, so it’s all floppy -> now you’re not able to detect stretch in that muscle)

  • since you can’t detect stretch, you don’t know when you should activate your extrafusal fibers to offset that stretch
  • thus poor reaction of stretch reflex: low tone, floppy (able to stretch them without much resistance since that muscle can’t really tell it’s being stretched)
32
Q

What information does the DCML pathway carry?

A

dorsal column medial lemniscus

- sensation of vibration, proprioception, and tactile stimulation

33
Q

What are the two divisions of the DCML pathway? (think medial vs lateral)

A 
cuneatus = UE tracts, laterally located
Gracilis = LE tracts, medially located
34
Q

If there was an insult to the medial portion of the medulla, what portion of DCML would be affected?

A

fasiculus gracilis -> LE tracts carrying vibration, proprioception, and tactile stim

35
Q

What sensory pathway carries information on pain, temp, and crude touch?

A

spinothalamic

36
Q

What sensory pathway conveys proprioception information about muscle spindles, golgi tenon organs, and touch/pressure receptors to cerebellum for control of voluntary movements?

A

spinocerebellar

37
Q

Where do levels of the spinothalamic tract synapse, or cross over?

A

they synapse 1-2 levels above their entry level

ex. tract from L4 synapses at ~L2

38
Q

Are spinoreticular tracts sensory or motor?

A

sensory, so they’re ascending

- convey deep and chronic pain to reticular formation of brainstem

39
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross over?

A

pyramids in the medulla

40
Q

Where does DCML cross over?

A

lemniscal decussation in medulla

41
Q

What motor tract is important for postural control, antigravity muscles, and control of muscle tone?

A

vestibulospinal (travels in lateral and medial tracts - lateral go uncrossed)

42
Q

Which of the following is a motor tract that modifies the transmission of sensation, especially pain?

a) spinoreticular
b) reticulospinal
c) rubrospinal
d) tectospinal

A

B) reticulospinal - motor tract that modifies transmission of pain

think reticulo = pain!!

a) spinoreticular = sensory tract that conveys deep and chronic pain

43
Q

Which motor tract assists in head-turning responses to visual stimuli?

A

tectospinal

44
Q

The autonomic has two divisions; where do these divisions interact on the spinal cord?

A

parasymp = craniosacral division, CN III, VII, IX, X; pelvic nerves

symp = thoracolumbar division -> T1-L2

45
Q

The falx cerebri and tentorum are made of what layer of meninge?

A

dura mater

46
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

cushions brain, controls excitability via ionic composition, aids in exchange of nutrients and waste products

47
Q

What is the role of choroid plexuses?

A

to produce CSF (they’re located in the ventricles)

48
Q

The internal carotid a. ascends and braches off into what two major arteries in the circle of willis?

A

ACA and MCA

49
Q

Basilar artery is a branch off of what artery?

A

vertebral a.

50
Q

The basilar a. splits to branch off into what arteries as it ascends?

A

PCA’s

51
Q

Describe the vertebrobasilar blood supply to the brain.

A

subclavian a. -> vertebral a. -> basilar a. -> PCA

  • supplies parts of thalamus, cerebellum, occipital lobe, brainstem
52
Q

Describe the carotid system of blood supply to the brain.

A

common carotid -> internal carotid -> MCA and ACA

  • supplies large area of the brain and deep structures

BOARDS: Neuromuscular (16 decks)

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