Brain 2 Flashcards
3 Key components of learning and memory
Hippocampus, cortex, thalamus
limbic system and memory
hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus (not limbic but still), cingulate gyrus.
hypothalamus and memory
association with ANS
hippocampus
assocaition with memory
cingulate gyrus and amygdala
association with emotion
Hippocampus and learning
Hippocampus is central to learning and the formation of memories.
People with bilateral hippocampal damage have immediate (sensory) memory (seconds in length) and intact long-term memory (from time before damage) but are unable to form new long-term memories.
Their reflexive memory (motor skills) remains intact
Immediate or Sensory memory
a few seconds. Describes the ability to hold experiences in the mind for a few seconds. Based on different sensory modalities. Visual memories decay fastest (<1s), auditory ones slowest (<4s).
Short-term memory
seconds to hours. Often called Working Memory. Brain’s “post-it note”. Used for short term tasks such as dialling a phone number, mental arithmetic, reading a sentence. Associated with reverberating circuits.
Intermediate long-term memory
hours to weeks e.g. what you did last weekend. Associated with chemical adaptation at the presynaptic terminal.
Long-term memory
can be lifelong. e.g. where you grew up and your childhood friends. Associated with structural changes in synaptic connections.
Development of the nervous system begins in?
week 3
Neural tube develops from
embryonic ectoderm
neural tube closes
ant 25 days, post 27 days
neurons and glia of CNS formed by
Neural tube
neurons and glia of PNS (plus non-neuronal cells) formed by
Neural crest cells
ventricular system is formed by
lumen of neural tube
Primary brain vesicles
Prosencephalon (forebrain), Mesencephalon (midbrain), Rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
Secondary brain vesicles
Telencephalon & Diencephalon (from forebrain). Mesencephalon. Metencephalon & Myelencephalon (from hindbrain)
telencephalon
cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, basal ganglia
Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
superior and inferior colliculi
metencephalon
cerebellum, pons
myelencephalon
medulla
what cells line the ventricles
Ependymal cells - they have cilia and help move the CSF through the system
function of cerebellum
coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance
function of frontal lobe
associated with executive functions including self-control, planning, reasoning, memory storage and abstract thought
occipital lobe
vision
temporal lobe
audition and language
hypothalamus
TAN HATS
- Thirst and water balance
- Adenohypophysis control
- Neurohypophysis releases hormones from hypothalamus
- Hunger
- Autonomic regulation
- Temperature regulation
- Sexual urges
midbrain
conciousness, processing visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor response
pons
involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance
medulla
helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing
cerebellum
coordinates complex somatic motor patterns. cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity
