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HDSO Fossils > Brachiopods > Flashcards

Brachiopods Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phylum for Brachiopods

A

Brachiopoda

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2
Q

What do most brachiopods possess

A

Teeth
Sockets
Shells made out of calcium carbonate
Lophophore support structure

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3
Q

When did they evolve and are they around today

A

Cambrian period

Yes they are extant

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4
Q

What kind of symmetry does each valve show

A

Bilateral

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5
Q

What is the brachial valve

A

The smallest valve

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6
Q

What is the lophophore

A

is a fluid filled set of filaments lined with cilia, the cilia beat and generate currents to enable food parcels to become trapped

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7
Q

What is the muscle scar

A

An aberration on the inside of a shell, where a muscle was attached

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8
Q

What is a pedicle

A

Fleshy stalk made mainly of muscle, which attaches a brachiopod to the substrate

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9
Q

What is the pedicle valve

A

The valve which may have an opening for a pedicle to protrude

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10
Q

What is the pedicle foramen

A

The hole where a pedicle protrudes

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11
Q

What is the cardinal process

A

Part of the brachial valve where muscle is attached

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12
Q

What is the diductor muscle

A

The muscle for opening the valves

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13
Q

What is the brachidium

A

Lophophore support

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14
Q

What is the adductor muscle

A

The muscle for closing the valves

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15
Q

How did they feed

A

Filter feeders
They fed with aid of the lophophore (covered in cilia) as they beat it created currents which brings fresh water and food particles, trapping the particles and passed down to the groove of the mouth which they then ingested

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16
Q

What are the adaptations and reasons linked to turbulent water

A

A large pedicle valve-to support a large piece for attachment
Strongly ribbed valves-To strengthen shells against wave action
Folded or zigzagged margin-reduce the amount and size of sediment moving into the shell when open
A thick heavy shell-to provide extra stability on the substrate and prevent rolling

17
Q

What are the adaptations and reasons linked to quiet water

A

May have a median fold or sulcus-to separate currents of water entering and leaving the animal
May have extension of the valves to form ‘wings’-Large surface area to prevent sinking into the sediment
Smooth or weakly ribbed valves-No need to make thicker
No pedicle opening-Not needed for attachment

18
Q

What are the adaptations and reasons linked to a soft, muddy substrate

A

Valves late with large rising area-Provide large surface area to prevent sinking
One margin of the shell may be turned upwards, away from the sediment-To ensure that some part of the shell remains out of the sediment for feeding

19
Q

What are the types brachiopods

A

Rhynchonellids
Spiriferids
Productids
Terebratulids

20
Q

What is the geological time for Rhynchonellids

A

Ordovician to Recent

21
Q

What is different about their hinge line (Rhynchonellids)

A

It is short and curved

22
Q

What energy conditions did they liven and how did the structure of their shells help them (Rhynchonellids)

A

High-energy conditions

Their shells were strongly ribbed

23
Q

How big is the pedicle and what does this mean (Rhynchonellids)

A

Small piece

Showing that they were attached to the sea floor

24
Q

The commissure is what shape and why (Rhynchonellids)

A

Zigzagged

So edge of the shell stops larger particles getting in

25
Q

What is notable about its fold and sulcus

A

Strong and well-developed

26
Q

What is the geological time for Spiriferids

A

Ordovician to Jurassic

27
Q

How are Spiriferids easy to identify (Spiriferids)

A

Long straight hing line which is so wide they look winged

28
Q

What do they often have in the middle of each valve (Spiriferids)

A

A fold and a sulcus

29
Q

What is so special about their lophophore support system (Spiriferids)

A

It is spiral shaped called spirella

30
Q

Where they attached (Spiriferids)

A

No

Lay on the sea floor

31
Q

What is the geological time for Productus

A

Devonian to Permian

32
Q

What shape is their hinge line (Productus)

A

Straight

33
Q

The pedicle valve is usually what (Productus)

A

Large and strongly convex

34
Q

What kind of tubular spines do they have (Productus)

A

Hollow

Long spines

35
Q

Is there an opening for the pedicle valve and what does this tell us (Productus)

A

No

Used the long spines to anchor itself

36
Q

Geological time for Terebratulids

A

Devonian to Recent

37
Q

What shape is its hinge line (Terebratulids)

A

astrophic being short and curved

38
Q

Was it very streamline (Terebratulids)

A

Yes

39
Q

What kind of environments did they live in (Terebratulids)

A

High-energy environments

HDSO Fossils (13 decks)

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