BP Regulation- T2

Question 1

3 methods of short term BP regulation

Answer 1

change in vessel diameter and changes in HR and contractility and baroreceptor control

Question 2

largest systemic pressure drop occurs in the ___ and why is it significant

Answer 2

occurs in the arteriolar beds thus this is the region with the greatest resistance to blood flow

Question 3

changing ___ diameter in these vessels will also influence the ____

Answer 3

lumen, systemic BP

Question 4

thick later of muscular tunica media in ___ and ___ allows for rapid change in vessel ___ diameter in response to __ or __

Answer 4

thick later of muscular tunica media in arteries and arterioles allows for rapid change in vessel lumen diameter in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation or hormones

Question 5

cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata initiate tonic sympathetic discharge that is transmitted down the spinal cord, via the ___ and ___ to the ___

Answer 5

presynaptic fibers, chain ganglia, vasculature.

Question 6

the release of NE within the wall of arteries is responsible for:

Answer 6

activating alpha1 adrenoreceptors to cause vasoconstriction

Question 7

most arteries and veins receive nerve inputs from ____

Answer 7

postganglionic sympathetic neurons. with arteries and arterioles being more densely innervated

Question 8

epi and some NE released from _____ during sympathetic activation is though to activate ____ which is more densely localized on the ___

Answer 8

adrenal medulla. alpha2 adrenoceptor. lumens side of the smooth muscle layer.

Question 9

tissue metabolites (___, ___) and increasing ___ (decreasing __) can cause vasodilation of arterioles and ___ to increase tissue blood flow

Answer 9

(lactic acid, prostaglandins). increasing PCO2 (decreasing PO2). arterioles and venules

Question 10

MAP=

Answer 10

TPR * CO

Question 11

TPR is influenced by

Answer 11

vessel diameter

Question 12

CO is influenced by

Answer 12

cardiac function

Question 13

CO=

Answer 13

HR * SV

Question 14

SV is related to ___ therefore increasing___

Answer 14

related to myocardial contractility therefore increasing contractile force of the heart increased SV

Question 15

both SV and HR influence the amount of

Answer 15

blood the heart delivers per cardiac cycle to circulatory system (CO)

Question 16

___ directly increase the rate and ___ of the heart to influence the ___ of the heart

Answer 16

beta-adrenoceptor agonists. contractility. CO.

Question 17

baroreceptors are ___ found in the ___ and detect____

Answer 17

around stretch receptors found in the walls of the carotid sinus and the aortic arch that detect changes in the arteria pressure.

Question 18

increase in BP causes distention of the baroreceptors leading to ____

Answer 18

increased rate of firing of afferent sensory nerves that eventually inhibit the tonic firing of the sympathetic motor center in the medulla.

Question 19

the baroreceptor reflex is concerned with

Answer 19

the maintenance of the mean blood pressure.

Question 20

drugs that cause increase in MBP initiate the reflex to

Answer 20

bring down the pressure

Question 21

why does HR decrease with phenylephrine administration

Answer 21

it causes an increase in BP, which activated baroreceptors to try and decrease it by lowering the HR

Question 22

long term BP regulation is achieved by the

Answer 22

regulation of blood volume by the kidneys.

Question 23

Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis for volume regulation

Answer 23

changes in blood volume due to sustained blood loss are decide by the macula densa cells of the kidneys as a decrease in Na in the glomerular filtrate. Renin is released in response to the sodium load. Macula dense cells communicate to the juxtuglomerular cells to release renin the conversion of angiotensnogen to angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 24

juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney are stimulated to release __

Answer 24

renin into the blood which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 25

angiotensin I is converted to II by __ found on __ cells

Answer 25

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on endothelial cells.

Question 26

angiotensin II is a potent___. Also releases __

Answer 26

vasoconstrictor that helps maintain the falling BP. Also releases aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which causes increased Na and water reabsorption from the distal convoluted and collecting tubules.

Question 27

what receptors on JG cells are innervated and increase renin release

Answer 27

beta1

Question 28

how is angiotensin II a multifunctional hormone

Answer 28

enhance sympathetic output at nerve ending and increase norepi release

Question 29

Increases in blood __ are detected by

Answer 29

osmolarity are decide by the pituitary to cause release of ADH into the blood

Question 30

ADH is a __ that helps maintain ___

Answer 30

vasoconstrictor. BP.

Question 31

ADH increases_

Answer 31

water reabsorption in the DCT and collecting ducts of the kidneys.

Question 32

ADH stimulated the ___

Answer 32

thirst centers of the hypothalamus to increase water intake.

Question 33

less than ___% of HTN cases have any identifiable causes (secondary HTN): 5 examples.

Answer 33

15%. aortic coarctation, renal artery constriction, cushings syndrome, pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism.

Question 34

4 common findings in essential HTN

Answer 34

vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy, cardiac ventricular hypertrophy, decreased vessel compliance, and increased arterial tone.