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Botany and Zoology II > BotZoo Test 5 > Flashcards

BotZoo Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal system function

A

support for body
protection of body parts
movement

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2
Q

movement

A

muscles exert force against skeletal system, resulting in movement

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3
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

cnidarian, platyhelmenthes, nematoda, annelida, Mollusca

  • gastrovascular cavity
  • pseudo/coelom
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4
Q

exoskeleton

A

arthropoda

-chiton and protein

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5
Q

endoskeleton

A

chordata, Echinodermata, porifera

  • chordata: cartilage, bone
  • Echinodermata: calcium carbonate
  • porifera: spicules- silica, protein
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6
Q

human skeletal system functions

A
  • protect: skull, ribcage, pelvis
  • movement
  • support
  • sensory transduction- ear
  • hematopoiesis- red bone marrow
  • adipose storage - yellow bone marrow
  • calcium and phosphate storage
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7
Q

red bone marrow

A

create blood cells

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8
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

storage of fats

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9
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw

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10
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

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11
Q

scapula

A

shoulder bone

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12
Q

humerous

A

upper arm

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13
Q

radius

A

leading to thumb

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14
Q

ulna

A

not leading to thumb

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15
Q

carpels

A

hand

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16
Q

metacarpels

A

small hand bone

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17
Q

phalanges

A

fingers

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18
Q

femer

A

biggest

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19
Q

tibia

A

front

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20
Q

fibula

A

back

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21
Q

patella

A

knee caps

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22
Q

tarsals

A

foot

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23
Q

metatarsals

A

small foot bones

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24
Q

sternum

A

breast bone

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25
Q

tissues of human skeletal system

A
  1. ligaments: holds bones together- connective tissue
  2. cartilage: shock absorber
  3. bone: collagen; calcium phosphate
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26
Q

osteoblast

A

builds bone

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27
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell

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28
Q

osteoclast

A

break down bone

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29
Q

calcitonin

A

bones absorb calcium

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30
Q

parathormone

A

bones release calcium

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31
Q

osteoporosis

A

porous bones- decrease bone density
estrogen- decrease osteoblast activity
prevent it: exercise, calcium, estrogen substances, drugs

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32
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone

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33
Q

tendons

A

muscle to bone

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34
Q

joints

A

ball and socket, hinge, pivital

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35
Q

ball and socket

A

hip and shoulder

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36
Q

hinge

A

one directional movement; knee and elbow

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37
Q

pivital

A

wrist, neck

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38
Q

muscular system function

A

movement

moves body, blood, food, air, waste

39
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated; involuntary: in the heart: moves blood. one nucleus per cell

40
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary: around organs, digestive, urinary, respiratory. one nucleus per cell

41
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated; voluntary: movement of body. many nuclei per cell

42
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated; voluntary: movement of body. many nuclei per cell

43
Q

energy for muscle contraction

A
  1. ATP –> ADP
  2. creatine monophosphate
  3. cellular respiration
  4. lactic acid fermentation
44
Q

creatine monophosphate

A

builds atp back up

45
Q

cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+6H2–>6H2O+6CO2+36ATP

  • cytoplasm- mitochondria
  • aerobic respiration
46
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

glucose–>lactic acid (lower pH)

  • lactic acid goes to liver
  • more ATP
47
Q

digestion function

A

break down food

goal: obtain nutrients and eliminate waste

48
Q

stages of digestion

A
  1. ingestion
  2. mechanical breakdown
  3. chemical breakdown
  4. absorption
  5. eliminate waste
49
Q

carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides->disaccharides->monosaccharides

50
Q

proteins

A

polypeptide->peptides->aminoacids

51
Q

lipids

A

triglycerides->glycerol+ 3 fatty acids

52
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA/RNA–>nucleotides

53
Q

intracellular digestion

A

porifera, cnidaria

54
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

cnidarian, platyhelminthes

55
Q

complete digestion

A

nematoda, annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata, arthropoda, chordata

56
Q

human digestive system

A
  • oral cavity- ingestion
  • pharynx- throat
  • esophagus- (tube)- epiglottis- peristalsis
  • stomach
57
Q

stomach

A
  • lower esophageal- ring of muscle
  • pyloric sphincter- ring of muscle
    1. stomach churns- mechanical breakdown
    2. chemical breakdown (pH 1-2)
    3. other (mucus, HCL) Gastrin
58
Q

small intestine

A

1”x10ft

  • chemical breakdown
  • pancreas
  • liver/gall blatter
59
Q

liver/gall blatter

A
  • bile helps with metabolism of lipids
  • the more surface area, the more it breaks down
  • emulsifies lipids
  • absorption
60
Q

large intestine

A

3”x5ft

  • colon+rectum (last 6 inches)
  • absorption of water
  • left with feces- 1/3 bacteria (produces vitamins)
61
Q

endocrine system

A
  • important for homeostasis
  • special cells are stimulated
  • secrete hormones
  • hormones secreted and travels through bloodstream
  • binds to target cell
  • signal into target cell
  • target cell changes its activity
62
Q

local hormone

A

-paracrine effect
-prostoglondin
(cause inflammation) (causes contractions in childbirth)

63
Q

types of hormones

A
  1. proteins/ peptide - oxytocin
  2. amino acid- thyroxine
  3. steroid- fat soluable
64
Q

hypothalamus

A

neurosecretory cells

  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior pituitary
65
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  1. FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  2. LH- Luteinizng Hormone
    - overies- estrogen/progesterone
    - testes- testosterone
  3. TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
    - thyroid gland- throxine
  4. ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
    - cortex of adrenal glands- glucocorticoids
  5. Prolactin- development of mammory glands and milk production
  6. MSH- Melanocyte stimulating hormone
    - skin- melanin
  7. GH- Growth Hormone
    - important for growth of cells ex: giantism; dwarfism
66
Q

posterior pituitary

A

extension of hypothalamus

  1. oxytosin
    - release milk
    - unterine contractions
  2. ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
    - retain water
    - low H2O –> release ADH –> kidneys –> nephrons/collecting ducts –> increase permeability –> body reabsorbs H2O
    - alcohol inhibits ADH
67
Q

acromegaly

A

big hands, big feet, big face

68
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • thyroxine- iodine containing hormone
  • increase thyroxine –> increase metabolism
  • break down glucose, release energy, release heat
69
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

produce too much thyroxine

  • increased metabolism, weight loss, sweaty, anxious, sleepless, hungry
  • ex: grave’s disease
  • radioactive iodine, remove, drugs
70
Q

hypothyroidism

A

produce too little thyroxine

-weight gain, loss of appetite, cold, tired/fatigue, decrease in metabolism

71
Q

goiter

A

bump in the neck.

-not enough iodine/ thyroxine

72
Q

parathyroid

A

parathormone- low calcium

  • parathormone –> increase osteoclast, decrease osteoblasts
  • kidneys- absorb Ca+2
  • GI- activate vitamin D
  • absorb Ca+2
73
Q

calcitonin

A

high Ca+2 –> calcitonin

74
Q

pancreas

A

islet cells

75
Q

islet cells

A

blood glucose levels

  1. beta islet (b shape)
  2. alpha islet (fish shape)
76
Q

beta islet

A

insulin

  • increase blood glucose –> release insulin –> take glucose into cells –> increase metabolism of glucose
  • glucose –> glycogen (liver
77
Q

alpha islet

A

glucagon

  • decrease blood glucose –> release glucagon –> release glucose into cells –> fat metabolism
  • glucagon –> glucose
78
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

defect in insulin production or in ability to respond

  1. type I
  2. type II
  3. gestational
79
Q

type I

A
  • juvenile
  • not producing insulin
  • autommune attack and kill beta cells
  • insulin dependent
80
Q

type II

A
  • adult

- insulin resistant

81
Q

gestational

A

pregnancy

82
Q

urinary system main function

A

maintain homeostasis

83
Q

urinary system process

A
  1. filter fluids of the body- blood, interstitial fluid, to remove waste, nutrients, water (filtrate)
  2. reabsorb nutrients and water
  3. eliminate waste, excess water, excess nutrients (through urine)
84
Q

Platyhelminthes excretory system

A
  • protonephridia
  • flame cells move filtrate through body
  • fluid travels through tubule
  • waste exits through pores
85
Q

annelida excretory system

A
  • nephridia
  • nephrostome- how fluid gets inside
  • nephridiopore- how waste exits (outside of body)
86
Q

arthropoda excretory system

A
  • insecta
  • malpighian tubules
  • open circ system- hemocoel
87
Q

human urinary system functions

A
  1. remove waste- urea
  2. maintain/ regulate blood, h2o levels
  3. regulate blood pH
  4. regulate blood ions (na+, k+, ca+)
  5. regulate nutrients
  6. hormone- erythropoietin (in bone marrow)- produce RBCs (erythrocytes
88
Q

urea

A
  • enzymes break down proteins
  • break down amino acids to get ammonia (toxic)
  • liver changes ammonia to urea
  • travels through blood and exits body
89
Q

human urinary system structure

A 
1. kidneys- filter blood, produce urine
renal artery --> filtered --> renal vein
2. ureter
-contains smooth muscle
-contracts, relax- peristalsis
3. bladder
-smooth muscle
-inner sphincter (involuntary)
-outer sphincter (voluntary)
4. urethra 
-8" 1.5"
-UTI (Escherichia col)
90
Q

kidneys structure

A
  • renal cortex (nephron)
  • renal medulla (nephron)
  • renal pelvis- collect urine and transport to ureter
91
Q

nephrons

A

filters blood, creating urine

92
Q

nephron process

A
  1. filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
  4. concentration
93
Q

loop of henle

A

pumps out salt

  • longer it is, more salt
  • shorter it is, less salt

Botany and Zoology II (5 decks)

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