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Botany and Zoology II > BotZoo Test 1 > Flashcards

BotZoo Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many species exist on earth

A

7-10 million (some say 100million)

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2
Q

evolution

A

change over time

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3
Q

descent with modification

A

all living organisms arose from a common ancestor

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4
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • developed theory of evolution
  • beagle –> Galapagos islands
  • wrote on the origin of species
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5
Q

evidence to support evolution

A
  • fossils
  • homologies (similarities)
  • vestigial structures
  • similarities in embryotic development
  • DNA/genes/chromosomes
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6
Q

fossils

A

remains of an organism; imprint of a past organism
-old fossils vs new; similarities but differences
ex: homo erectus–>homo sapiens
ammonite–>natilus

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7
Q

transitional fossils

A

ex: whale evolved from a land dwelling animal

walking–>walking/swimming–>swimming

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8
Q

homologous structures

A

organisms with similar structures but different functions

ex: forearm of vertebrates-mammals

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9
Q

vestigial structures

A

structure that was important for the ancestor but not for descendent.
ex: appendix; whale hind bones

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10
Q

similarities in embryonic development

A

different organisms that share similarities in their embryonic development
-vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

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11
Q

natural selection

A

process by which evolution occurs.
-those members of a population that possess certain inheritable trait may be best adapted to fit a particular environment

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12
Q

important components of natural selection:

A
  1. variation in a population
  2. heritability of traits
  3. environmental pressure
    ex: DDT–>mosquito = DDT resistant
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13
Q

clade

A

group of organisms with a common ancestor

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14
Q

taxonomy

A

classifying and naming living organisms

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15
Q

classification system:

A

by Carl Linnaeus

  1. domains
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
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16
Q

changes in classification- pre 1970s

A

two kingdoms: plant or animal

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17
Q

changes in classification- post 1970s

A 
Robert Whittaker:
five kingdoms:
animals
plants
fungi
protists
monera (bacteria)
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18
Q

changes in classification- 1890s

A

Carl Woese:
archaea
bacteria
eukarya- animal, plant, fungi, protist

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19
Q

archaea and bacteria

A

Domains: archaea and bacteria
cell type: prokaryotic
cell number: unicellular
energy/nutrition: autotrophs and heterotrophs

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20
Q

cell size:

A

prokaryotic: 1-10Mm
eukaryotic: 10-100Mm

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21
Q

bacteria shapes:

A 
coccus= circular
spirillum= spiral
bacillus= rod
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22
Q

fiembre

A

attachment

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23
Q

ribosomes

A

DNA–>RNA–>Proteins

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24
Q

cell membrane

A

gate keeper (controls what goes in or out)

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25
Q

cell wall

A

bacteria has peptidoglycan, archea does not

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26
Q

capsule

A

(slime layer) attachment; prevents dehydration; prevent phagocytosis

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27
Q

plasmid

A

contains DNA; antibiotic resistant

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28
Q

flagellum

A

movement

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29
Q

nucleoid

A

circular chromosome; haploid

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30
Q

penicillin

A

first antibiotic ever made–> holes in bacteria

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31
Q

gram staining

A

crystal violet= purple (thick peptido) (gram +)

safrinin= pink (thin peptido) (gram -)

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32
Q

endospore

A

resistant/dormant structure (grow into bacteria cells)

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33
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reprouction

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34
Q

photo=

A

sunlight for energy

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35
Q

chemo=

A

chemicals for energy

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36
Q

extremophiles

A

extreme environments

ex archaea

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37
Q

thermophile

A

loves heat

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38
Q

psychrophile

A

loves cold

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39
Q

acidophile

A

loves acid

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40
Q

alkaliphile

A

high plt

41
Q

barophile

A

high pressure

42
Q

halophile

A

salt

43
Q

benefits of bacteria/archaea

A
  1. digestion
  2. normal flora
  3. nitrogen fixation
  4. gene therapy/ bioengineering
  5. antibiotics
  6. decomposers
  7. bioremediation
  8. primary producer
  9. biofuels
  10. food
44
Q

protists

A 
domain: eukarya
kingdom- protists
cell type- eukaryotic
cell #- mostly single
energy/nutrition: autotroph- photosynthesis: plant
heterotroph- absorption: fungi
heterotroph- ingestion: animals
45
Q

fungi-like protists

A

heterotrophs- absorption and decomposition

  1. water molds
  2. slime molds
46
Q

water molds

A

unicellular

ex: downy mildew, late blight

47
Q

plasmodial (acellular) slime mold

A

mass of cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane

-multi nuclei

48
Q

cellular slime mold

A

individual cells

49
Q

plant-like protists

A

autotrophs- photosynthesis

  • algae
  • phytoplankton: single celled (70% of photosynthesis)
  • seaweed: multicellular
50
Q

dinoflagellates

A

photosynthesis- coral reefs

red tide- massive growth

51
Q

diatoms

A

(fresh water)

silica shell

52
Q

Euglena

A

(fresh water)

single celled plant-like protists

53
Q

brown algae

A

(salt; temperate ocean)

  • multicellular
  • can grow up to 6 in a day
    ex: kelp (make photosynthesis)
54
Q

red algae

A

(salt; tropical ocean)

  • multicellular
  • photosynthesis
    ex: -nori- sushi
  • agar- solid surface to grow bacteria (used in microbiology)
  • carrageenan- makes icecream thicker
55
Q

green algae

A

(fresh water)

  • single or multicelled
  • plants come from
  • photosynthesis
56
Q

animal-like protists

A

heterotrophs- ingestion

57
Q

protozoa

A

animal like protist

58
Q

pseudopods

A
  • amoeba
  • foraminiferans- calcium carbonate for a shell
  • radiolarians- silica shell
59
Q

flagella

A
  • African sleeping sickness

- contaminated water

60
Q

ciliates

A
  • cilia (how they move)

- paramecium

61
Q

study of fungi

A

mycology

62
Q

fungi

A 
domain- eukarya
kingdom- fungi
cell type- eukaryotic
cell #- multicellular
energy/nutrition- heterotrophs- absorption; decomposition
63
Q

mycelium

A

network of filaments

64
Q

hypha-filament

A

one cell thick

65
Q

fungus cell wall

A

contains chitin

66
Q

reproduction of fungi

A
  • asexual: mitosis and meiosis

- sexual: more diversity; produce spores

67
Q

five groups of fungi

A
  1. chytridomycota
  2. zygomycota
  3. glomeromycota
  4. Ascomycota
  5. basidiomycota
68
Q

chytridomycota

A
  • aquatic environment
  • flagellated spores
  • organic waste
    ex: batrachochytrium- killing frogs
69
Q

zygomycota

A
  • sexual reproduction to produce zygospore

ex: black bread mold; dung-fungi

70
Q

saprobes

A

lives off of dead organisms

71
Q

glomeromycota

A
  • relationship with plants

- fungi+plant roots– 80% land plants

72
Q

ascomycota

A

-ascus- sac
ex: morels
truffles- (by roots of oak tree)
yeast
penicillin
blue cheese
athletes foot

73
Q

basidiomycota

A 
basidia- club=spores
ex: mushroom,
puffball,
shelf fungi
corn smut
74
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

pneumonia

75
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

anthrax

76
Q

Escherichia coli

A

E coli

77
Q

Borrekua burgdorferi

A

lime disease

78
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

syphilis

79
Q

Streptococcus pyofene

A

strep throat

80
Q

Streptococcus mutans

A

plaque

81
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

botulism

82
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

tetanus

83
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

toxic shock syndrome; staff infection

84
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

ulsers

85
Q

Plasmopara viticola

A

downy mildew- grapes

86
Q

Plytophthora infestans

A

late blight- potatoes

87
Q

Pfiesteria piscicida

A

killed more than 1 billion fish

88
Q

Karenia brevis

A

toxic- clams, mussels, oysters

89
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

amoebic dysentery (sick because of contaminated water)

90
Q

Trypanosoma bruci

A

African sleeping sickness

91
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

malaria

92
Q

Tocoplasma gondii

A

toxoplasmosis (in cat feces; bad for prego women)

93
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer

A

black bread mold

94
Q

Pilobolus species

A

dung fungi

95
Q

Candida albicans

A

yeast infection

96
Q

Penicillum chrysogenum

A

penicillin

97
Q

Claviceps purpurea

A

ergotism (in rye bread) –> LSD

98
Q

Armillaria osyoyae

A

biggest mushroom found in Oregon

99
Q

Amanita phalloides

A

death cap- fatal

Botany and Zoology II (5 decks)

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