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Botany and Zoology II > BotZoo Test 4 > Flashcards

BotZoo Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

organization of animal body

A

cells, tissue, organs, organ system

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2
Q

four groups of tissue:

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
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3
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • cover body, body cavities, form membranes
  • to protect
  • controls passage of substances inside and outside of the body
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4
Q

examples of epithelial tissue

A
  • simple squamous
  • simple cuboidal
  • stratified squamous
  • stratified cuboidal
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5
Q

endocrine

A

secretion of substances in body

ex: hormones

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6
Q

exocrine

A

secretion of substances outside of body

ex: saliva, sweat, sebaceous glands (oil), mammory glands

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7
Q

connective tissue

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
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8
Q

loose connective tissue

A
  • collagen

- attach membranes (epithelial tissue) to other tissues

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9
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A
  • lots of collagen

- tendon/ ligament

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10
Q

tendon

A

attaches muscle to bone

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11
Q

ligament

A

attaches bone to bone

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12
Q

andipose tissue

A
  • fat
  • storage of energy
  • insulation
  • no collagen
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13
Q

cartilage

A
  • chrondricytes–>collagen
  • support
  • shock absorber
  • ex: nose, ear, end of bone, between vertebrae
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14
Q

bone

A
  • calcium phosphate
  • movement
  • protection
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15
Q

blood

A
  • plasma
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
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16
Q

plasma

A

liquid part of blood: water, vitamins, proteins, sugar, salt, hormones

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17
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells: transports oxygen

-hemoglobin

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18
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells: fights pathogens

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19
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
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20
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • striated (striped)
  • voluntary control
  • movement
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21
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • striated
  • involuntary control
  • contraction of the heart
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22
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • nonstriated
  • involuntary control
  • in organs, intestines, blood vessels, bladder
  • movement of substances
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23
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • neurons- send signals

- glial cells- protect neurons and nourishment

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24
Q

organs

A

two or more tissue type that function together

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25
Q

organ system

A

a number of organs that are going to carry out a particular function
ex: integumentary system- skin, hair, nails

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26
Q

epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

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27
Q

dermis

A
  • connective tissue
  • muscle
  • nerves
  • blood vessels
  • sweat gland
  • sebaceous gland (oil)
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28
Q

hypodermis

A
  • adipose tissue

- innate immunity- keeps pathogens out

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29
Q

why skin protects

A
  1. acidic (reduced pH)
  2. physical barrio
  3. relatively dry
  4. normalflora (no space for pathogens)
    - regulates temp
    - constriction- cold: contain heat –>shiver
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30
Q

homeostasis

A

stable internal environment

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31
Q

negative feedback

A

change in internal environment conditions- reverse the change

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32
Q

hypothalamus

A

send signals down to muscles

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33
Q

positive feedback

A

change in internal conditions- amplify the change

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34
Q

oxytosin

A

release signal

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35
Q

ectothermic

A

obtain body heat from external environment

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36
Q

endothermic

A

obtain body heat from internal environment

37
Q

cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+6O2–>6O2+6H2O+36ATP+heat

-occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria

38
Q

mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

A
  1. increase metabolism/ cellular respiration
  2. increase/decrease metabolism
  3. circulatory adaptations: fur, feathers; vasodilation, vasoconstriction; counter current exchange
  4. evaporative cooling: sweating
  5. behavioral responses: migration, sun/shade
39
Q

respiration

A

breathe in O2, breathe out CO2

40
Q

diffusion

A

high concentration to low concentration

41
Q

respiratory system

A
  1. moist environment- gasses dissolve in the water in order to diffuse
  2. cells lining the system are thin
  3. system has lots of surface area
42
Q

human respiratory system

A
  1. nasal or oral cavity- hairs filter air particles
  2. meet up in the pharynx (throat)
  3. Larynx- vocal chords
  4. Trachea- windpipe- supported by cartilage
  5. bronchus- branches in lungs- cilia/
  6. bronchioles- tubes
  7. alveoli- gas exchange occurs
43
Q

surfactent

A

fluid inside alveoli

44
Q

blood: bright red

A

oxygen binded to hemoglobin (oxygenated)

45
Q

blood: blue

A

oxygen not binded to hemoglobin

46
Q

gas exchange

A
  1. O2- transported by RBCs

2. CO2- 20% transported by hemoglobin, 10% dissolved in plasma

47
Q

air percentage

A

20% oxygen; 80% nitrogen

48
Q

breathing

A
  • inhalation: contract muscles

- exhalation: relax muscles

49
Q

medulla

A
  • respiratory control system

- CO2 levels important for rate and depth of breathing

50
Q

circulatory system functions

A
  • get O2 and nutrients to cells

- keep CO2 and waste away from cells

51
Q

components of circulatory system

A
  • heart: atrium, ventricle

- blood vessels, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

52
Q

functions of human circulatory system

A
  1. transport O2 and nutrients to cells
  2. transport CO2 and waste from body cells
  3. transport hormones
  4. protect from pathogens
  5. maintain body temp
  6. blood clotting- placelets
53
Q

cardiac cycle heartbeat

A
  • 72beats/min (0.8 sec)
  • diastole
  • systole
54
Q

diastole

A
  • heart muscle is relaxed

- blood flows into atria and ventricles

55
Q

systole

A
  • atria contract- push blood into ventricles

- ventricles contract- push blood out of heart

56
Q

intercalated disks

A

connect cells

57
Q

desmosomes

A

tight junctions- hold cells together

58
Q

gap junctions

A

communication- electrical signals

59
Q

fibrillation

A

uncoordinated heartbeats

60
Q

defibrillator

A

shock

-nervous and endocrine systems effect heartrate

61
Q

sinoatrial node

A

SA node

-electrical signal–> both atria–> simultaneous contraction–>

62
Q

atrioventricular node

A

AV node
-collects electrical signal, delays it, and sends on
av bundle–> purkinje fibers–>ventride conractions

63
Q

human circulatory system

A

(blood vessels)

  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
64
Q

arteries

A

(away from heart)

  • epithelial, smooth muscle, connective tissue
  • thick, strong smooth muscle
  • lots of it
65
Q

atterioles

A
  • vasodialation, vasoconstriction

- precapillary sphincters

66
Q

capillaries

A
  • epithelial cells- 1 cell thick

- diffusion (oxygen and nutrients; CO2 and waste

67
Q

veins

A

(towards heart)

  • epithelial, smooth muscle, connective tissue
  • not as much
  • valves- make sure blood gets to heart
  • skeletal muscle aids in getting blood to heart
68
Q

blood

A
  • 5L
  • plasma = 55% of blood
  • lots of water present
  • ions- pH buffering, osmotic balance
  • proteins- fibrinogen- blood clotting
69
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood vessels in bone marrow

70
Q

nervous system function

A
  1. sense stimulation (sound, pressure, temp)
  2. analyze and interpret signals- send signals onward
  3. respond to stimulation/signal- send signal onward
71
Q

two nervous systems

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

72
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal chord

- interneurons

73
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • sensory neurons

- motor neurons

74
Q

neurons

A

signals

75
Q

glial cells

A

have more

  • nourish neurons
  • protect neurons
76
Q

action potential

A

the switching from negative to positive, then back to negative

77
Q

K+

A

away from activation

78
Q

Na+

A

towards activation

79
Q

IPSP

A

(inhibitory post synaptic potential)

-K+ channels open, K+ moves out

80
Q

EPSP

A

(excitatory postsynaptic potential)

-Na+ channels open, Na+ moves in

81
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • signals leaving neuron
  • bin to receptors on postsynaptic cell (neuron, muscle, gland)
  • receptors
82
Q

fate of neurotransmitter

A
  • reuptake by the cell that produced it
  • enzymes in synapse degrade
  • diffusion of the neurotransmitter
83
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • serotonin
  • nitric oxide
  • endorphins
84
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • causes skeletal muscle to contract/ memory
  • clostridium botulism- no muscle contraction (no AcH)
  • clostridium tetani- constant muscle contraction (secrete AcH)
  • curare- blocks AcH receptors
  • Alzheimer’s- AcH releasing neurons in brain die off
85
Q

dopamine

A
  • mood- euphoric/ energetic, alertness, muscle coordination
  • cocaine- prevents reuptake of dopamine
  • ADHD- prevents reuptake of dopamine
  • Parkinson’s- dopamine releasing neurons die off
  • Schizophrenia- block dopamine receptors
86
Q

serotonin

A
  • mood- euphoric/energetic
  • Prozac- prevents reuptake of serotonin
  • ecstasy- prevents reuptake
87
Q

nitric oxide

A
  • memory
  • penis erections
  • viagra
88
Q

endorphins

A
  • mood
  • reduces pain sensations
  • runners high

Botany and Zoology II (5 decks)

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