bottom-up

Question 1

where does bottom-up originate from

Answer 1

Britain

Question 2

how does the bottom-up approach work

Answer 2

makes use of past data on similar crimes to build a picture of the offender. doesn’t use fixed typologies like top-down, instead ‘data-driven’, with rigorous scrutiny of the offence details, more grounded in psychological theory

Question 3

what’re the 2 main parts of your the bottom-up approach

Answer 3

investigative psychology

geographical profiling

Question 4

what does investigative psychology involve

Answer 4

uses statistical procedures and psychological theory to analyse crime scene evidence, establishes behavioural patterns that may occur/co-exist across crime scenes (criminal characteristics). statistical database created for comparison with details of the offender (personal history, family background), may determine if crimes are linked.

Question 5

what 3 components does investigative psychology consist of

Answer 5

interpersonal coherence
significance of time and place
forensic awareness

Question 6

what is interpersonal coherence

Answer 6

offender behaviour at the scene, how they ‘interact’ with the victim eg control/humiliation or apologetic

Question 7

what is the significance of time and place

Answer 7

may indicate where the offender lives

Question 8

what is forensic awareness

Answer 8

shows individuals who have been in interrogation before, behaviour shows their mindfulness of ‘covering tracks’

Question 9

what is geographical profiling

Answer 9

assumption that criminals’ work is restricted to geographical areas they’re familiar with understanding spatial pattern to build a ‘centre of gravity’ (likely to be offenders base). nah help with ‘jeopardy surface’

Question 10

what is the ‘jeopardy surface’

Answer 10

educated guesses on offenders next likely actions/strike locations

Question 11

what 3 aspects does geographical profiling consist of

Answer 11

spatial consistency
crime mapping
modus operandi

Question 12

what is spatial consistency

Answer 12

people commit crimes in limited geographical spaces

Question 13

what is crime mapping

Answer 13

uses location of linked crime scenes to make inferences about offenders’ likely home bases

Question 14

what is modus operandi

Answer 14

particular way/method of doing something

Question 15

what 2 offender behaviours does Carter & Larkin’s Circle theory consist of

Answer 15

the marauder
the commuter

Question 16

what do marauders do (give example)

Answer 16

operate in close proximity to their home base (Dahmer)

Question 17

what do commuters do (give example)

Answer 17

likely to travel distance from their usual residence (Bundy)

Question 18

what does the Circle theory tell us

Answer 18

tells the nature of offence: planned or opportunistic, as well as other facts: employment status, transport mode used, occupation or approximate age etc

Question 19

what’re 2 strengths of bottom-up approach

Answer 19

investigative psych supporting evidence
geographical profiling supporting evidence

Question 20

what is a positive evaluation for investigative psychology in bottom-up

Answer 20

after analysing 66 SA cases, common behaviours such as ‘using impersonal language’/‘lack of reaction to victim’ emerged, helping establish case linkage supporting approach validity

Question 21

what is case linkage

Answer 21

whether 2 or more offences are committed by the same persob

Question 22

what is a positive evaluation of geographical profiling in top-down

Answer 22

collected info from 120 murder cases using smallest space analysis found spatial consistencies. each individual killer disposed of bodies in a different direction creating a ‘circle’ with home base at the centre. (more notable for marauders than commuters). shows real world application leading to higher crime solving rates.

Question 23

what’re 2 negative evaluation points for bottom-up approach

Answer 23

mixed police results

significant failures

Question 24

how do mixed police results negatively evaluate the bottom-up approach

Answer 24

in 48 police departments, profile advice was judged to be ‘useful’ in 83% of cases, but in only 3% of cases was the identification accurate. this suggests that there’s some use but other techniques are more important to catching criminals

Question 25

what’s a significant failure of bottom-up approach

Answer 25

Rachel Nickell’s SA and stabbing 47 times led to a 5 month undercover investigation fake relationship with Colin Stagg to try get a confession. case was thrown out due to lack of evidence. real offender of Robert Napper was convicted but initially ruled out as he was several inches taller than profile. shows inaccuracies and over reliance can waste time and arrests, possible missing criminals

Question 26

what’s the case of David Canter’s “Railway Rapist” John Duffy

Answer 26

assaulted women in London train stations 1982-85, leading to 3 women dying.
evidence showed more than one person was involved, Canter then helped, creating a profile of the offender with bottom-up.
suggested violent sexual history, poor past relationships, forensic awareness, mid-late 20’s and semi-skilled labourer.
Matched to John Duffy (separated, abusive history, criminal record with attempts to remove evidence and was a carpenter). Duffy also had worked for railways before.
Although not 100% accurate, the profile was sufficient for the police to interrogate/arrest Duffy. Duffy then gave up the name of his accomplice