botany rev 3 - PT 1 Flashcards by chloe ortega

:
o An irreversible increase in volume due to the
division and enlargement of cells.

Growth

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when an organ reaches a certain size and then stops growing.

Determinate growth

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when cells continue to divide indefinitely.

Indeterminate growth

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true or false

▪ Plants in general have indeterminate growth.

true

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:
o Progression from earlier to later stages in
maturation

Development

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It is the process whereby tissues, organs, and
whole plants are produced. o Involves growth, morphogenesis (the acquisition of form and structure), and differentiation.

Development

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The interactions of the environment and the genetic instructions inherited by the cells determine how the plant develops.

Development

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: process in which cells develop different forms adapted to specific functions such as conduction, support, or secretion of special substances

Differentiation

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: “master growth regulator”

It is the main hormones responsible for cell
elongation in phototropism and gravitropism

Auxins

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______ (inhibition of lateral bud formation) is triggered by auxins produced in the
apical meristem.

Apical dominance

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_____ is used as a rooting hormone to
promote growth of roots on cuttings and detached
leaves.

Synthetic auxin

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“stem, fruit, and seed growth”

A group of about 125 closely related plant hormones

Gibberellins

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Stimulate shoot elongation, seed germination,
and fruit and flower maturation.

Gibberellins

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Break dormancy (a state of inhibited growth and
development) in the seeds of plants that require
exposure to cold or light to germinate.

Gibberellins

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o Delay senescence (aging) in leaves and fruit

Gibberellins

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Stimulate differentiation of the meristem in shoots
and roots.

Cytokinins

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: “cell division”

o Delay senescence (aging) in leaf tissues

o Promote mitosis (cell division)

Cytokinins

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Initiates production of compounds, such as jasmonic acid

Systemin

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: “anti-herbivory”

o It is distributed systemically in the plant body upon production, activates plant responses to wounds from herbivores.

Systemin

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“immune response”

o Regulate responses to infection by parasites or
pathogens.

Methyl Salicylate (MeSa):

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growth promoters (5)

auxins

gibberellins

cytokinins

systemin

methyl salicylate (MeSa)

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“dormancy”

o Causes the abscission (dropping) leaves.
Accumulates as a response to stressful environmental conditions, such as dehydration, cold temperatures, or shortened day length

Abscisic acid

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Inhibits stem elongation, induces dormancy in lateral buds and seeds, and closes stomata in drought conditions.

Abscisic acid

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Regulates the short-term drought response: low soil moisture causes an increase in ABA, which causes stomata to close, reducing water loss.

Abscisic acid

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“aging” o Promotes fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf fall.

Ethylene gas

It is unusual as a hormone because it is a volatile gas (C2H4). o Aging tissues (especially older leaves) and nodes of stems produce ethylene.

Ethylene gas

growth inhibitors (2)

abscisic acid ethylene gas

other plant movements that take place spontaneously, without any external stimuli.

SPONTANEOUS (AUTONOMIC)

facilitates the progress of the growing plant tip through the soil. can be seen in the Legume Family where they exhibit slow oscillating movement from side to side

Nodding

: When flattened plant organs, such as leaves or flower petals, first expand from buds, they characteristically alternate in bending down and then up as the cells in the upper and lower parts of the leaf alternate in enlarging faster than those in the opposite parts.

Nastic

These movements occur when cells in the stems of climbing plants, such as morning glory, elongate to differing extents, causing visible spiraling in growth.

Twining

: spiraling movement displayed by most plant organs as they grow

Nutation

_____ roots pull plants deeper into the ground

Contractile

Movements of the whole plant body or of an organ within the plant cell which occur in responses to inherent factors and are not free and spontaneous. true or false

false Movements of the whole plant body or of an organ within the plant cell which occur in responses to inherent factors and ARE free and spontaneous.

Growth movements, which occur in response to unidirectional external stimuli & result in positioning of the plant part in the direction of the stimulus

TROPIC MOVEMENT

growth movement that is relative to light.

Phototropism:

a growth movement toward light.

Positive phototropism

a growth movement away from light.

Negative phototropism

: growth responses to the stimulus of gravity.

Gravitropism

: a plant or a plant part response to contact with a solid object. It is commonly seen in the coiling of the tendrils and the twining of climbing plant stems.

Thigmotropism

: growth movement towards water. This can be observed when roots often enter cracked water pipes.

Hydrotropism

*: tropic response to chemicals

Chemotropism

*: tropic response to temperature

Thermotropism

*: tropic response to electricity

Electrotropism

*: tropic response to wounding

Traumotropism

*: tropic response to darkness

Skototropism

*: tropic response to oxygen

Aerotropism

THREE PHASES OF TROPISM

initial perception phase transduction asymmetric growth

, the organ receives a greater stimulus on one side.

Initial perception phase

, during which one or more hormones become unevenly distributed across the organ.

Transduction

occurs as a result of greater cell elongation on one side.

Asymmetric growth

* Movements of locomotion, which are induced by some unidirectional external stimuli. * Their direction is controlled by the direction of the stimulus.

TACTIC MOVEMENT

*: response to unidirectional light.

Phototactic

*: response to certain chemicals

Chemotactic

* The movement can be due to changes in turgor or changes in growth

NASTIC MOVEMENT

: response to certain unidirectional temperature stimulus.

Thermotactic

: ▪ If these movement when induced by change in temperature intensity. ▪ Examples: Tulip and Saffron (Crocus)

Thermonastic

response to day and light and thus are also known as sleep movement.

Nyctinasty

*: response to some chemical stimulus

Chemonasty

: ▪ If these movement when induced by change in light intensity. ▪ Examples: Flowers of Oxalis, Portulaca, Nicotiana, Oenothera etc.

Photonastic

*: response to shock by a touch stimulus

Seismonasty

* A response of plants to the duration of night.

photoperiodism

This type of natural phenomenon was first discovered and identified by Charles Darwin and his son Francis in the year 1880.

photoperiodism

: the relative length of day and night.

Photoperiod

* movement that involves either the entire plant or its reproductive cells. In response to a stimulus, the cell or organism, either propelled or pushed by flagella (whiplike appendages) or cilia (short, whiplike appendages), moves toward or away from the source of the stimulus. In contrast to tropism, in which a plant grows toward or away from a stimulus, taxis requires motility.

TAXIC MOVEMENTS

o Require more exposure to light

long day plants

o Require less exposure to light

Short Day Plants

Flowering occur irrespective of the day lengths

Day Neutral Plants

* result from changes in internal water pressures and are often, but not always, initiated by contact with objects outside of the plant.

TURGOR MOVEMENTS

: plants that require moderate amount of water

Mesophyte

: plants that require small amount of water (cactus)

Xerophyte

: plants that lives in watery and salty environment (mangroves)

Halophyte

: plants that require large amount of water (water lilies)

Hydrophyte

: plants that are rooted on the ground

Terrestrial

plants that are attached to another plant as a commensal or a parasite.

Aerial or Epiphyte:

*: plants that live in watery areas

Aquatic

: o Plants that live for two years or two growing seasons.

Biennial

: o Plants that live only for a year or completes the vegetative and reproductive cycle in one growing season.

Annual

: gene forms for a certain trait (curly or straight allele)

Alleles

: o Plants that live for several years

Perennial

: having two different alleles for a certain trait; half-bred (Cc)

Heterozygous

: having two of the same allele; purebred (CC for two curly allele cc for two straight allele)

Homozygous

*: basic unit of heredity

Gene

masked gene

recessive allele

set of observable physical chracterisitcs

phenotype

expressed gene

dominant alleles

o Mendel’s third law of inheritance. o During the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.

Law of segregation:

actual gene composition

genotype

a simple representation of patterns of inheritance of alleles. It also helps predict the probability that a particular genotype will be inherited.

Punnett square:

o Mendel’s second law of inheritance o A pair of trait segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together.

Law of independent assortment:

THREE LAWS OF MENDELIAN GENETICS

law of segregation law of independent assortment law of dominance

o Mendel’s first law of inheritance. o Hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype.

Law of dominance: