botany rev. 1 - PT 1 Flashcards by chloe ortega

Vascular plants are also known as _________, which means tube plants

tracheophytes

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Plants with vascular system

vascular plants

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▪ Carries water and minerals to the leaves
▪ Consists of dead cells that lack end walls
between adjacent cells.

Xylem:

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The side walls are thick and reinforced with
lignin to be stiff and waterproof.

Xylem:

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▪ Conducts food from leaves to all parts of the
plant

Phloem:

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Consists of living cells that are separated by
end walls with tiny perforations

Phloem:

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Seedless and flowerless plant
Plants that reproduce by spores
They have roots stems and fronds

PTERIDOPHYTES

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They are the most primitive.

The stem is photosynthetic and dichotomously
branched

Psilopsida

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ferns, horsetail, lycophytes (club mosses) are examples of……

PTERIDOPHYTES

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PTERIDOPHYTES CLASSIFICATION

(4)

Psilopsida
Lycopsida
Sphenopsida
Pteropsida

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o Aka club moss.
o Well-differentiated plant body with adventitious
root, stem, rhizophores, and leaves.

Lycopsida

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Rhizoids are present.

o Leaves are mostly absent.

o The sporophyte is homosporous synangium. o Examples: Psilotum and Tmesipteris.

Psilopsida

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o The sporophyte is homosporous or heterosporous.

o Examples- Selaginella, Lycopodium.

Lycopsida

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o Aka as horsetail.
o Well-differentiated plant body with roots arising
from nodes of the underground rhizome, stem,
and scaly leaves.

Sphenopsida

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o Homosporous, sporangia are borne on strobili.

o Examples: Equisetum.

Sphenopsida

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o Aka fern.

o Well-differentiated plant body with roots, stem, and leaves.

Pteropsida

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The sporophyte is homosporous or heterosporous.

o Antherozoids are multiflagellate.

o Examples: Pteris, Dryopteris, Adiantum

Pteropsida

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o Aka seed plant, phanerogam, or phaenogam

o Seed-bearing plants

o They do not use spores for reproduction

Spermatophyte

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(2) SPERMATOPHYTE CLASSIFICATION

gymnosperms

angiosperms

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o “Naked seed”
o Reproduce by making naked seeds on cone scales or leaves.

Gymnosperms

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o Cycads, allies, and conifers (means “cone
bearing”)
o Example: pine trees

Gymnosperms

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o “Vessel” and “seed.

o Reproduce by making seeds that are enclosed in

o Flowering plants

Angiosperms

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All angiosperms are vascular plants

true or false

true

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All gymnosperms are vascular plants

true or false

true

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gymnosperms seeds are enclosed in ovary in fruit or flower. angiosperms are not enclosed true false false true true true false false

false false angiosperms seeds are enclosed in ovary in fruit or flower. gymnosperms are not enclosed

All land angiosperms are plants All gymnosperms are land plants true false true true false true false false

true true

gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce through ____.

seeds

gymnosperms and angiosperms are what type of cell

eukaryotic

Rely on pollinators (usually animals) as well as on wind/water

angiosperms

woodtype angiosperms : gymnosperms:

angiosperms : hardwood gymnosperms: softwood

Rely almost solely on wind

gymnosperms

angiosperms have needle like leaves. gymnosperms have flat leaves true false false true true true false false

false false gymnosperms have needle like leaves. angiosperms have flat leaves

The first leaf/leaves to appear is called _______.

cotyledon

Seasonal: Evergreen:

Seasonal: angio Evergreen: gymno

two groups of angiosperms

monocots and discots

TRUE OR FALSE The number of the first leaves present in the embryo of a seed plant classifies flowering plants.

TRUE

Angiosperm Vascular bundles: scattered throughout stem

monocots

Angiosperm Vascular bundles: arranged in ring in stem

dicots

Angiosperm seed leaves: one ctoyledon

monocot

Angiosperm seed leaves: two ctoyledon

dicot

Angiosperm flower parts: multiples of three

monocots

Angiosperm flower parts: multiples of four or five

dicot

Angiosperm roots: fibrous root system

Angiosperm roots: tap root system

Angiosperm mature leaves: narrow leaves and parallel veins

monocot

Angiosperm mature leaves: broad leaves and branching veins

dicot

o Plants that do not have xylem and phloem o Reproduce by spores

Non-vascular plants

o This tissue does not contain lignin and so it is not considered true vascular tissue

Non-vascular plants

Generally small plants limited in size by poor transport methods for water, gases, and other compounds.

Non-vascular plants

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS CLASSIFICATION

bryophytes moss liverworts

o Includes the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. ▪ The 3 groups share several adaptations but are all genetically vastly different. o (Mostly mosses) have no roots, stems, nor leaves (compare pteridophytes)

Bryophytes

o Larger than animal vacuoles o Function/s: ▪ Sustain turgid pressure against the cell wall ▪ Storage for food

Central Vacuole:

Eukaryotic cells with a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out certain specific functions

plant cell

o Small plants that produce spores for reproduction

Moss

o Primitive group of plants and many plants grow only a single layer of cells. o Split into leafy liverworts and thalloid liverworts.

Liverworts

2 parts of Central Vacuole:

tonoplast and cell sap

2 parts of Central Vacuole: : a membrane that surrounds central vacuole.

Tonoplast

2 parts of Central Vacuole: : a mixture of salts, enzymes, and other substances.

Cell sap

o Semipermeable outermost layer of a plant cell o Rigid layer which is composed of cellulose, glycoproteins, lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose. o Comprises proteins, polysaccharides, and cellulose.

Cell wall:

Function/s: ▪ Protect and provide structural support to the cell ▪ Filters the molecules passing in and out of the cell

Cell wall:

Allows plant cells to regulate oxygen, sugar, enzymes, waste products etc

* Cell Membrane:

Semi-permeable membrane o Composed of a thin layer of protein and fat.

* Cell Membrane:

o Smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA and protein. o Function/s: sites for protein synthesis or protein factories of the cell.

Ribosomes

o Found in all eukaryotic cells o Function/s: distributing synthesized macromolecules (e.g., Lipids) to various parts of the cell.

Golgi bodies:

o Membrane-bound structure that is present only in eukaryotic cells o Function/s: stores DNA for cell division, metabolism and growth

Nucleus:

: contains the organelles enclosed by the cell membrane (excluding nucleus); cytosol: aqueous component of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

: manufactures cell’s protein-producing structures and ribosomes.

Nucleolus

: Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes called nucleopore that allows proteins and nucleic acids to pass through.

Nucleopore

: o Double-membraned organelles o Found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells o Function/s: “ATP production,” provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules

Mitochondria

o membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA. o Function/s: store starch, to carry out the process of photosynthesis for the formation of the building blocks of the cell.

Plastids

3 types of plastids

leucoplasts chloroplasts chromoplasts

An elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. ▪ Shaped like a disc and the stroma is the fluid within the chloroplast * comprises a circular DNA.

o Chloroplasts

: ▪ Found in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants. ▪ Function/s: storage of protein, lipid and starch.

Leucoplasts

Each chloroplast contains a green colored pigment called _____ required for the process of photosynthesis.

chlorophyll

: absorbs light energy from the sun and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

Chlorophyll

o Function/s: cellular waste disposal by digesting worn-out organelles, food particles and foreign bodies in the cell.

Lysosome

o Suicidal bags as they hold digestive enzymes in an enclosed membrane.

Lysosome

* The reproductive part of a plant. * Involves in reproduction but are also a source of food for other living organisms. * A rich source of nectar.

flower

▪ Heterogeneous, colored plastid ▪ Function/s: pigment synthesis and storage in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. ▪ _____ have red-, orange- and yellow- colored pigments

Chromoplasts

flowers can either be:

complete and incomplete

▪ Consists of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. ▪ Consists of vegetative part and reproductive Part

Complete flower