Botany - Modules 4-6 Flashcards
1
Q
Sessile
A
Lacking a petiole
Found in monocots
2
Q
Lamina
A
Blade of a leaf
3
Q
Phyllotaxy
A
Arrangement of leaves on a stem
4
Q
Pinnately Compound
A
Leaflets appear in pairs along the rachis
5
Q
Rachis
A
Extension of the petiole in compound leaves
6
Q
Palmately Compound leaves
A
Compound leaves where all leaflets attach at same point at end of petiole
7
Q
Venation
A
The arrangement of veins in a leaf/leaflet
8
Q
Pinnately veined leaf
A
A leaf with one large central vein (midvein), with secondary veins branching off from the midvein
9
Q
Palmately veined leaf
A
A leaf with several primary veins that fan out from the petiole
10
Q
Primary vein type of monocots
A
Parallel venation
11
Q
2 Primary venations of dicots
A
netted/reticulate
dichotomous
12
Q
Dichotomous venation
A
veins fork evenly and from base of blade, instead of one or more primary veins
13
Q
Photoactive stomata
Scotoactive stomata
A
Stomata that open during the day
Stomata that open during the night
14
Q
Transpiration
A
Water loss via evaporation from stomata
15
Q
Guttation
A
Water loss from pores at end of leaves, caused by root pressure
16
Q
Which ion type regulate opening and closing of stomata?
A
K+
17
Q
Mesophyll
A
Inner parenchyma cells of leaves, perform most photosynthesis
Divided into palisade and spongy mesophyll
18
Q
Palisade mesophyl
A
Tightly-packed parenchyma cells in superior portion of leaf
Contains most of the leaf’s chloroplasts
19
Q
Spongy mesophyll
A
Loosely arranged parenchyma cells in the inferior portion of the leaf
20
Q
Bulliform cells
A
Cells that partially collapse under dry conditions, causing the leaf to curl up
21
Q
Differences in cellular structure of monocot leaves
A
Mesophyll isn’t differentiated into palisade and spongy layers
Often contain bulliform cells
22
Q
How do shade leaves differ from sun leaves?
A
- Larger surface area
- Thinner
- Less well-defined mesophyll layers
- Fewer chloroplasts
23
Q
Tendrils
A
Modified leaves used to curl around rigid objects, allowing for climbing or support
24
Q
Spines
A
Modified leaves that are sharp
Reduce water loss and protect from herbivores
Made up of sclerenchyma and do not photosynthesize (cladophylls do photosynthesis)
25
Thorns
Modified stems that form in the axils of woody plants
26
Prickles
Sharp outgrowths of epidermis or cortex of stem
Different from thorns in that they don't have vascular tissue
27
5 Ways Spines and thorns differ
- Spines are leaves, but thorns are stems
- Spines occupy the same position as the leaf, while thorns are located in the axils
- Spines are used to reduce water loss and for defense, but thorns are only used for defense
- Spines are not always connected to vascular tissue, while thorns always are
- Spines are relatively shallow at their origin, while thorns are deep
28
Fleshy leaves
Leaves modified for nutrient storage
e.g. onions, lilies
29
Flower-Pot Leaves
Leaves that for jar-like pouches
Houses an ant colony, which provides nitrogenous waste for plant
30
Window Leaves
Leaves whose distal end has a transparent, thick epidermis and transparent water storage cells just deep to that
Remaining part of leaf remains underground, reducing water loss
31
Bract / Floral Leaf
Brightly-colored leaf found around a flower, replaces petals
32
How do sundews trap insects?
Leaves covered in hairs that have sticky digestive fluid at tips
33
Where is bladderwort found, and how does it catch insects?
Bladderwort is found in shallow water
Leaves have trapdoors that trap insects inside bladders
34
Why do leaves change color in fall?
Chlorophyll breaks down, allowing carotenoids to be seen
35
Anthocyanin
Betacyanin
- Water soluble chemical that may be found in leaf during fall. Will be red if sap is acidic and blue if alkaline
- Water soluble chemical that may be found in leaves during fall. Always red.
36
Abscission
Process by which leaves are shed in the fall
Protective layer fills and covers cells at point of break with suberin, while enzymes break down a fiber called pectin that holds cells together at point of separation
37
Mesophyte
A plant who lives in an environment of moderate water level
38
Hydrophyte
An aquatic plant
39
Xerophyte
A plant that lives in an arid area
40
4 Adaptions of xerophytes to reduce water loss
- Thick, leathery leaves
- Fewer and/or sunken stomata
- Succulent leaves or no leaves
- Dense hair covering
41
Kranz Anatomy
Presence of chlorplasts in bundle sheath cells
exclusive to C4 plants
42
Which phylum are angiosperms in?
Magnoliophyta
43
Which class are dicots in?
Which class are monocots in?
Magnoliopsida
Liliopsida
44
Epiphyte
A non-parasitic plant that grows on other plants for support, but does not use their nutrients
45
Embryonic primordium / Bud primordium
Initial structure that will turn into a bud
46
Receptacle
A location of swelling at the base of the pedicel or peduncle
47
Calyx
Sepal
Leaf-like growths that lies beneath a flower
A single leaf of the calyx, covers the bud while the other structures develop
48
How do monocot and dicot flowers differ?
- Dicots have flower parts in multiples of 4-5, while monocots have parts in multiples of 3
- Dicot pollen has 3 aperture openings, while monocot pollen has 1
49
Corolla
The collective term for the petals of a flower
50
Perianth
The structures that surround the reproductive parts of a flower
The calyx and corolla collectively
51
Stamen
The male part of the flower
Filament connected at the base of the pistil, pollen-producing anther at top
52
Anther
The pollen-producing organ of a flower, found at the end of the filament of a stamen
53
Pistil
The female part of a flower
Consists of an ovary at the base of the pistil, which contains a stalk called the style with a sticky tip called the stigma that catches pollen.
54
Carpel
A leaf with ovules on the margin
55
Peduncle
The main stalk a flower grows on
56
Pedicel
Stalks that connect several flowers to the same peduncle
57
Compound ovary
An ovary made of several fused carpels
Think oranges, how there's several sections each with its own seed(s)
58
What is the difference between a superior, half-inferior, and inferior ovary?
Whether the ovary is embedded in the receptacle or on top of it.
59
Inflorescence
A group of flowers
60
Pericarp
Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp
- The tissues of a fruit
- The outer skin of a fruit
- The flesh of a fruit
- The inner boundary of a fruit that surrounds the seed(s)
61
3 types of simple fleshy fruits
- Drupes
- Berries
- Pomes
62
Dehiscent Fruit
Dry fruits that split at maturity
63
Indehiscent fruit
dry fruit that does not split at maturity
64
3 types of berries
True berries
Pepoes
Hesperidia
65
5 types of dehiscent fruits (and how they split)
- Follicle (splits along one side)
- Legume (splits along two sides)
- Silique (splits along two sides w/ seeds remaining in center, length 3x width)
- Silicle (splits along two sides w/ seeds in center, length < 3x length)
- Capsule (Has >1 carpel, splits in variety of ways)
66
5 Types of indehiscent fruit
- Achene
- Nuts
- Grains
- Samaras
- Schizocarp
67
Panicle Inflorescence
Flowers arranged with alternating horizontal pedicels around a main peduncle, multiple flowers per pedicel
68
Spike Inflorescence
Flowers arranged on a single peduncle w/o pedicel
All flowers are bisex
69
Raceme inflorescence
Flowers arranged in alternating pedicels on a peduncle, tapers towards top
Only one flower per pedicel
70
Corymb Inflorescence
Flowers arranged with alternating pedicels, but all flowers are roughly the same height
71
Umbel inflorescence
All pedicels sprout from the end of the peduncle
Simple have 1 flower per pedicel, compound have pedicels that split into other pedicels
72
Catkin
Flower arranged with multiple flowers w/o pedicels, very close- packed
All flowers are of the same sex and open simultaneously
73
Head / Capitulum inflorescence
Flower arrangement with central "button" with petals surrounding it
several Individual flowers within that top button, though it looks like one flower
74
10 Types of Inflorescences
- Raceme
- Spike
- Corymb
- Catkin
- Dichasium
- Spadix
- Panicle
- Simple umbel
- Compound umbel
- Head
75
In what order do most inflorescences open their flowers? What are the 3 exceptions?
Lowermost/outermost first
Exceptions are dichasiums (middle first), catkins (all open at once), and spadix (female flowers open first)
76
Dichasium inflorescence
Flower arrangement with a central, higher flower and a lower flower on either side
Central flower opens first
77
Spadix inflorescence
Flower arrangement with a spadix spike above a cluster of flowers
Female flowers bloom first
78
Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruits
Fleshy fruit not simple due to many pistils from one flower (e.g. blackberry)
Fleshy fruit not simple due to being made of several flowers (e.g. pineapple, figs)
79
Simple fleshy fruit
Fleshy fruit developed from a flower with a single pistil
80
Drupe
Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a pit
(e.g. peaches, olives, walnuts, almonds, cherries, coconuts)
81
Berry
A simple fleshy fruit made from a compound ovary (so containing more than 1 seed)
Divided into true berries, pepoes, and hesperidia
82
True berry
A berry with thin skin and a relatively soft pericarp
(e.g. tomato, grape, blueberry, pepper, banana)
83
Pepo
A berry with a thick rind
(e.g. pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon)
84
Hesperidium
A berry with a leathery skin that contains oils
(e.g. citrus)
85
Pome
Simple fleshy fruit with papery or leathery endocarp, flesh comes from enlarged floral tube/receptacle
(e.g. apples, pears)
86
Achene
Indehiscent dry fruit whose seed base is connected to the pericarp
(e.g. sunflower seeds, buckwheat)
87
Nut
Indehiscent dry fruit with a single seed connected to the pericarp at the base
Differs from achene due to herder/thicker pericarp and bracts at the base
(e.g. acorn, hazelnut)
88
Caryopsis / Grain
Indehiscent dry fruit whose pericarp is tightly connected to the seed
(e.g. corn, wheat, rice)
89
Samara
Indehiscent dry fruit whose pericarp has a "wing" for dispersal
(e.g. maple)
90
Schizocarp
Mericarp
Twin fruit that breaks into one-seeded segment
One-seeded segment of a schizocarp
(e.g carrots, dill, parsley)
91
Plumule
An embryonic shoot in a seed
92
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
The proto-stem in a seed
Epi is above the point of cotyledon attachment, hypo is below
93
Hilum
The scar left be a seed's attachment point to the ovary
94
Epigeous germination / epigeal germination
Germination in which the hypocotyl and cotyledon emerge above ground
95
Hypogeous germination / hypogeal germination
Germination in which neither the hypocotyl nor cotyledon grow above ground; only the epicotyl
96
Scarification
Artificially breaking a seed's dormancy
(e.g. via abrasion, freezing/thawing, bacteria, or soaking.)
