Botany - Modules 1-3 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Pili
A
Short projections on prokaryotic cells that allow them to adhere to surfaces
2
Q
Nucleolus
A
A structure inside the nucleus responsible for making ribosomes
3
Q
Chromatin
A
The form DNA takes in the cell when not dividing
Long fibers with proteins
4
Q
Chromosome
A
The form DNA in the cell takes when undergoing mitosis
Compact
5
Q
Smooth ER
A
Makes lipids
Regulates muscle contractions (via control of calcium)
Destroys toxins (in liver)
6
Q
Rough ER
A
Modifies, packages, and transports proteins to golgi aparatus
7
Q
Golgi aparatus
A
Attaches non-protein materials to proteins, then sorts and ships cell products
8
Q
Lysosome
A
A sac of digestive enzymes that breaks down food, invaders, and damaged organelles
9
Q
Where are lysosomes produced
A
The ribosomes and the rough ER, then finished by the golgi aparatus
10
Q
4 structures present in plant cells but not animal cells
A
- Cell Wall
- Central vacuole
- Plastids (esp. chloroplasts)
- Plasmodesmata
11
Q
Vacuole
A
A large cavity within a plant cell that stores nutrients, waste, toxins, and/or pigments
Also provides physical support
12
Q
Plasmodesmata
A
Strands of cytoplasm that link adjacent cells and allow for transport of fluids and dissolved substances between cells
13
Q
3 Types of plastids (and what they contain/their color)
A
- Chloroplasts (Chlorophyl, green)
- Chromoplasts (Carotenoids, red/yellow/orange)
- Leucoplasts (Starch/oil, colorless)
14
Q
Microbodies
A
Small, spherical sacs in the cytoplasm that contain specialized enzymes
15
Q
Peroxisome
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A microbody that aids in photorespiration
16
Q
Glycoxisome
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A microbody that aids in converting fat to carbs
17
Q
3 Types of Passive Transport
A
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Osmosis
18
Q
3 Types of active transport
A
- Movement with membrane proteins
- Exocytosis
- Endocytosis
19
Q
Exocytosis
A
A means of active transport that removes substances from a cell
A vesicle containing the waste fuses with the cell membrane to release its contents
20
Q
Endocytosis
A
A means of active transport that brings substances into the cell
A vesicle containing the substance is created from the cell membrane
Consists of phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
21
Q
Phagocytosis
A
Endocytosis which brings in large particles (food)
22
Q
Pinocytosis
A
Endocytosis of fluids
23
Q
Cytosol
A
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm
24
Q
5 Nucleotides
A
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
- Uracil (replaces thymine in RNA)
25
Binary Fission
The means by which prokaryotes divide, where they simply make 2 rings of DNA and split
26
Stages of Mitosis in Order
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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Purine
Adenine and Guanine
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Pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
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James Watson
Francis Crick
Rosalind Franklin
The people who discovered the 3-d structure of DNA
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Complementary Base Pairing
The tendency of pyramidines and purines to connect to each other
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Somatic Cell
A cell not used in sexual reproduction
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Centromere
The point of connection of two chromatids
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Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere
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Centrosomes
Structures that produce spindle fibers to separate sister chromatids during cell replication
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Prophase
- Chromatin coils into chromosomes
- Nuclear envelope develops
- Spindle forms
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Metaphase
Sister chromatins line up in center of cell
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Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart and to opposite ends of cell
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Telophase
-Two nuclei form
- Chromosomes uncoil
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Cytokinesis
The splitting of the cytoplasm and cell contents during mitosis
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Cleavage Furrow
Indentation at point where cell is splitting during cytokinesis
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Cell Plate
Proto-cell wall where plant cell will split during cytokinesis
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Homologues / Homologous Pairs
The maternal and paternal copies of a chromosome in a diploid cell
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Karyotype
A display of an individual's conplete set of chromosomes
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Synapsis
Pairing up of duplicated homologues to form tetrads
Occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis
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Tetrad
Paired homologues
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Crossing Over
The overlap and swapping of genetic information of homologues (non-sister chromatids only)
Occurs during the prophase 1 of meiosis
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How does prophase 1 of meiosis differ from the prophase of mitosis?
Synapsis and crossing over occur
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Nondisjunction
An error in meiosis that results in a cell with either no copies or an extra copy of a chromosome
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Down's Syndrom
A genetic condition caused by an extra 21st chromosome
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Polyploidy
A defect in cell division where the chromosomes are duplicated but the cell does not divide, leaving a gamete with two sets of chromosomes
This gamete can only be fertilized by another gamete w/ polyploidy, creating offspring w/ 4 sets of chromosomes
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Alloploidy
Interbreeding of closely related plant species to produce a hybrid
The hybrid may not be able to reproduce w/ either parent species, but may be able to reproduce asexually
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Sporophyte
A generation of an organism that is haploid (produced from spore)
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Gametophyte
Generation of an organism that is diploid (produced from gametes)
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Heteromorphic Alternation of Generations
Alternation of generations in which the sporophyte and gametophyte forms look significantly different
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Isomorphic Alternation of Generations
Alternation of generations in which the sporophyte and gametophyte do not look significantly different
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Four major groups of organs in higher plants
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
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Meristem
Permanent Regions of Growth (mitosis only)
Apical, lateral, and intercalary
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Apical Meristem
A meristem that adds length
Roots and shoots
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Protoderm
Apical meristem that produces the epidermis
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Ground meristem
Meristem that produces the cortex and pith
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Procambium
Meristem that becomes the primary xylem/phloem
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Primary Meristem
Apical meristem that produces core tissues
Protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
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Secondary/Lateral Meristem
Meristem that increases girth of shoots and roots
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Vascular cambium
Lateral meristem that produces products that function primarily in support and conduction
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Cork cambium
Lateral meristem that produces bark
Lies between outer layers and vascular cambium
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Intercalary meristem
Grows near nodes
Found in grasses and other plants that lack a lateral meristem
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3 simple Tissues in plants
Parenchyma tissue
Collenchyma Tissue
Sclerenchyma tissue
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Parenchyma cells
Most abundant cells of higher plants, found in almost all major points
Flattened at contact points (usually d14 at maturity)
Handle repairs and often contain large vacuoles
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3 Types of parenchyma cells
Aerenchyma
Chlorenchyma
Transfer Cells
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Aerenchyma
Parenchyma tissue with extensive connected air spaces
usually in aquatic plants
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Chlorenchyma
Parenchyma tissue that contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
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Transfer Cells
Parenchyma that transfer dissolved substances to adjacent cells
Irregular inner wall, increased surface area of plasma membrane
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Collenchyma Cells
Long-lived cells with thick walls
Pliable and strong, act as support
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Sclerenchyma cells
Cells with thick, tough secondary walls containing lignin
Dead at maturity, used for support
Sclerids and fibers
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Sclereids / Stone cells
Sclerenchyma cells that are scattered in tissues and as long as they are wide
E.g. peach pits, pear skin
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Fibers
Long sclerenchyma cells w/ cavity
Rope, string canvas, etc.
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5 Complex Tissues
Xylem
Phloem
Epidermis
Periderm
Secretory tissues
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Vascular Tissues
Xylem and Phloem
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Xylem
Chief conducting tissues for water and minerals
Roots to leaves
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Phloem
Tissue that transports dissolved food produced by photosynthesis
Leaves to roots
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7 epidermal plant cells
Parenchyma cells
Guard cells of stomata
Secretory glands
Hairs
Cutin
Root Hairs
Stomata
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Cutin
Cells that produce cuticle
Fatty substance on surface of epidermis (only above ground), prevents water loss and pathogen invasion
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Root Hairs
Strands on roots that increase absorptive surface area
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Periderm
Complex tissue that composes bark
Usually from cork cambium layer, but can contain lenticles and suberin
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Suberin
Fatty substance that protects periderm
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Lenticles
Loosely-arranged pockets of parenchyma (cork cambium)
Small hole for gas exchange
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4 Functions of Roots
Anchor plant
Help absorb nutrients/water
Storage
Other specialized functions
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Cotyledon
Embryonic leaf
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Monocot
Plant with only 1 cotyledon
E.g. wheat, onion, rice, all grasses
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Dicot
2 cotyledons
E.g. Nut trees, oaks, daisies, peas, most flowering plants
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Radicle
Proto-root formed by a germinating embryo
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Fibrous root system
Large number of fine roots
(grasses and ferns)
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Adventitious Roots
Roots that develop from stems or leaves, not other roots
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4 regions of root structure (distal to proximal)
Root cap
Region of cell division
Region of cell elongation
Region of maturation
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Gravitropism
Perception of gravity
Perceived by amyloplasts in root cap
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Cortex
Parenchymal cells between epidermis and vascular cylinder
Mostly stores food
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Casparian Strip
bands in a root composed of cell walls filled with suberin and lignin
Forces water/solvutes through the endodermis
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Stele / Vascular cylinder
Core tissue in the root, inside the endodermis
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Pericycle
Outer boundary of the stele, encircles xylem and phloem
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Difference between monocot and dicot root structure
- Dicots have cross of xylem (larger diameter) in the stele, with phloem between the arms
- Monocots have ring of xylem with phloem between that and the endodermis
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Determinate Growth
Indeterminate Growth
- Limit to growth
- Never stops growing
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Propagative Roots
Adventitious buds that grow on roots
Develop into aerial stems called suckers, which can be separated and grown individually
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Pneumatophore
Spongy roots that extend above water of plants in water
Promote gas exchange
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Prop Root
Aerial roots that support plants in high winds
Found in corn
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Contractile Roots
Pull plants deeper into soil to find more stable temp
Found in trees, lilies, dandelions
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Buttress Roots
Roots with aboveground "walls" that allow stability in shallow soil
Tropical roots
104
Haustoria
Patristic root
Root that allows a parisitic plant to connect to the host
105
Mycorrhizae
Fungi that have a mutualistic relationship with plant roots
fungi assists with absorption, esp. phosphorus
Plant provides sugars and amino acids
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Root Nodules
Growth on plant roots that contain lots of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Most common in legumes
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Topographyy
Surface features
108
Hygroscopic Water
Water physically bound to soil particles and therefore unavaialbe to plants
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Gravitational Water
Water that drains out of pore spaces and therefore unavailable for plants
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Liming
Adding calcium or magnesium to soil to counteract acidity (which inhibits nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
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Node
Point of attachment between stem and leaf
Or trunk and branch
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Alternate Leaf pattern
Opposite leaf pattern
Whorled leaf pattern
One leaf per node
Two leaves per node
3+ leaves per node
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Petiole
Structure that attaches leaf to stem
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Axil
Axillary bud
Notch between petiole and stem
Buds in the axil that become new stems or flowers
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Terminal bud
Bud at end of stem, point of further growth
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Stipules
Paired leaflike appendages at the base of a leaf
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Leaf Scar
Bundle scar
Scar left at the point where the petiole connected to the stem
Scar left at points of xylem and phloem in leaf scar
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Leaf Primordia
Tiny embryonic leaves that mature into true leaves
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Vascular Bundle
Xylem and phloem arranged in a cylinder around the center of pith in herbaceous dicots
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Wood
Hard structure made of secondary xylem
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Where are the primary xylem and phloem located in woody dicots?
Xylem - ring near center of plant (around pith)
Phloem - Near the edge, just deep of cortex
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Bark
All tissue superficial of vascular cambium in woody plants
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Vascular ray
Parenchymal cells in xylem and phloem that perform lateral transport of substances
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3 Layers of Periderm (deep to superficial)
Phelloderm
Phellogen
Phellum
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Phelloderm
Inside of the cork cambium, composed of living cells (dermis)
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Phellogem
Meristem that produces periderm and cork cells
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Phellem
Dead, air-filled protective tissues that form outermost layer of bark (epidermis)
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Why doesn't wood from tropical trees have grain?
Wood is produced year-round
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What causes wood grain?
Changes in growth rate dependent on seasons
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Characteristics of spring wood
Characteristics of summer wood
Large amounts of secondary xylem
Smaller and fewer vessels compared to tracheids and fibers
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Characteristic of conifer wood
Name of conifer wood
No fibers or vessels, only tracheids (which is softer)
Softwood
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Heartwood
Older, darker, harder wood
Caused by buildup of resins, gums, and tannins
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Sapwood
Lighter, softer, still-functioning xylem closest to cambium
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What trees make softwood?
What trees make hardwood?
Softwood - Conifers
Hardwood - Dictos
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What are myrrh and frankensince made of?
resin
136
Lactifers
Duct that contain latex-secreting cells
Mostly found in phoel
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What 2 meristems do monocots lack?
Vascular cambium
Cork cambium
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What structures are found in phloem but not xylem?
Sieve Tube Members and Companion Cells
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Companion Cells
Cells in phloem that assist in pushing the food through the sieve tube
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Rhizomes
Horizontal stem that grows below ground
Found in irises, ferns, some grasses, and ginger (ginger is a stem, not a root)
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Runners
Horizontal above-ground stems
Strawberries
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Stolon
Multidirectional underground stem
(stem growing from potato eyes)
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Tuber
Swollen, fleshy underground stem
Holds starch
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Bulb
Large buds surrounded by fleshy leaves, small stem on lower plant
Food storage
Has a Papery outer covering
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Corn
Solid underground stem, covered in papery leaves
Store food
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Plasmolysis
Loss of water via osmosis
Shrinkage of the protoplasm
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Pressure Potential / Turgor Pressure
Pressure that the protoplasm exerts against the cell wall due to water in cell
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Turgid Cell
A cell that is firm due to sufficient water content
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Imbibition
Swelling of plant tissues caused by water intake
Large molecules (cellulose, starch) develop electrical charges when wet, which attracts water molecules
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What is the first step of seed germination?
Imbibition
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Transpriation
Water vapor loss via release into atmosphere
(via stomata in plants)
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Cohesion-Tension theory
Transpiration pulls water up through the plant due to surface tension
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Adhesion
Cohesion
Tendency of water to stick to other objects
Tendency of water to stick to itself
154
2 Purposes of Stomata
Removal of O2 after photosynthesis
Regulate transpiration
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Guttation
Loss of liquid water
Water is pushed out of hydathodes at tips of veins at edges of leaves (dew)
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Hydathode
Pore at tip of leaf, at the vein, point of guttation
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Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Organic solutes move across concentration gradients between sources and sinks
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