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Spring 2025 > Botany Module 5 > Flashcards

Botany Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Geologic Record

A

A time scale of the earth derived from the fossil layer

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2
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

The modern geological era

Modern birds and primates, dominance of angiosperms, ice age

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3
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

The Geologic era prior to this one

Dominance of gymnosperms, origin of angiosperms (including grasses), dinosaurs, early birds, and mammals

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4
Q

Paleozoic

A

Geologic era prior to mesozoic

Developments of first land plants (bryophytes, ferns, early gymnosperms), origin of fungi, insects, amphibians, and reptiles

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5
Q

8 Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Possess cell wall and chlorophyll
  • Perform photosynthesis
  • Autotrophic (may also be parasitic/carnivorous)
  • Multicellular
  • Sexual or asexual reproduction
  • Non-motile
  • Adapted to life on land
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6
Q

Charophyceans

A

A type of green algae
Closest extant relative to kingdom plantae

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7
Q

4 Features plants and green algae share

A
  • Presence of chlorophyll a & b and carotenoids
  • Use of starch as food reserve
  • Presence of cellulose in cell walls
  • Formation of cell plate during cell division
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8
Q

7 Adaptations Plants developed for living on land

A
  • Lignin present in some cells walls for strength
  • Cuticle covering of stems and leafs prevent water loss
  • Stomate allow for gas exchange and prevent water loss
  • Xylem and phloem
  • Root systems anchor plant and/or absorb water/minerals
  • Gametangia protect developing embryos in mosses/ferns
  • Pollen to spread genetic material, seeds, cones, and ovaries to protect embryo
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9
Q

Bryophytes

A

The most primitive plants

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Lack true roots, leaves, lignin, vascular tissue, or seeds

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10
Q

5 things bryophytes lack that other plants have

A
  • True roots
  • True leaves
  • Lignin
  • Vascular tissue
  • Seeds
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11
Q

Rhizoid

A

Root-like structure found in bryophytes

Only serve to anchor plants, cannot absorb water/nutrients

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12
Q

Hydroid

Leptoid

A

Vascular cell that transfers water in some bryophytes

Vascular cell that transfers food in some bryophytes

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13
Q

Phylum for liverworts
Phylum for hornworts
Phylum for mosses

A

Phylum Hepaticophyta
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Phylum Bryophyta

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14
Q

Thallus
(plural thali)

A

The flattened, lobed body of some liverworts (20% of species, others resemble mosses)

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15
Q

Protonema

A

An immature bryophyte gametophyte consisting of short filaments

Not present in all bryophytes

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16
Q

Gemmae

A

Tiny, lens-shaped pieces of tissue that detaches from a thallus in a liverwort

Used for asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Marachantia

A

Best known genus of liverwort

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18
Q

Gametophore
Anteridiophore
Archegoniophore

A

Umbrella-like structure on stalks that come out of the central grooves on thallus, contain gametangia (liverwort exclusive)
Male gametophore
Female gametophore

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19
Q

Gametangia
Antheridia
Archegonia

A

A gamete-producing structure
A male gametangia
A female gametangia

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20
Q

Foot

A

Point of attachment of sporophyte to gametophyte

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21
Q

Seta

A

A short stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte

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22
Q

Capsule

A

The location of meiosis in bryophyte gameotphytes

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23
Q

Calyptra

A

Caplike tuissue that grows from gametophyte

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24
Q

Oil bodies

A

Organelle specific to liverwort

Unknown function, but contains compounds that can be antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer

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25
Characteristics of moss gametophyte "leaves"
- Almost always one cell thick, except at midrib - never lobed or divided
26
Where are gametangia found in hornworts
In rows just beneath the upper surface of gametophytes
27
Where are gametangia found in mosses
Ends of leaflike structures Archegonium cylindrical with a narrow channel leading to egg at the (swollen) base Antheridium on short stalks surrounded by walls one cell thick, sperm forced out the top
28
What are the most primitive type of plant in which true leaves and roots appear?
Seedless vascular plants
29
4 phyla of seedless vascular plants
Psilotophyta Lycophyta Equisetophyta Polypodiophyta
30
Phylum Psilotophyta
Phylum of seedless vascular plant Whisk ferns Forking stems with enations, no true roots/leaves
31
Phylum Lycophyta
A phylum of seedless vascular plants Ground pines, spike mosses, quillworts (collectively club mosses)
32
Phylum Equisetophyta
A phylum of seedless vascular plants Horsetails, scouring rushes Jointed, ribbed, hollow stems
33
Phylum Polypodiophyta
A phylum of seedless vascular plants Ferns
34
Enation
A tiny, green, veinless leaflike structure that grow along stems Exclusive to phylum Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
35
Rhizome
Modified underground stem
36
Sporangia
Location of spore production
37
Characteristics of whisk fern gametophytes
- Dichotomously branched - No chlorophyll (or other pigment) - Mostly underground - Archegonia and antheridia scattered on surface
38
Two major extant genera of phylum Lycophyta
- Lycopodium - Selaginella
39
Microphyll
A leaf with a single, unbranched vein Exclusive to P. Lycophyta
40
Lycopodium
Genus of phylum Lycophyta "Ground pine" Grows on forest floors short leaves Have strobili "false cones"
41
Sporophyll
A micropyll leaf that bears sporangia
42
Strobili
A structure in some seedless vascular (e.g. Lycopodium) plants that resembles a cone "False cone"
43
Selaginella
A genus of phylum Lycophyta Spike moss Have ligules Produces different kinds of spore (heterospory)
44
Ligule
Leaves that run along the stem of a spike moss
45
Heterospory
Producing male and female spores
46
Microsporophyll Megasporophyll
Leaves that bear microsporangia Leaves that bear megasporangia
47
Microspore Megaspore
Male spore Female spore
48
Isoetes
Minor genus of phylum Lycophyta Quillwort Semiaquatic Spiral of microphylls on stubby stem Ligules near base of leaves Corms <10 cm tall
49
Lycopodium gametophyte appearance
Carrot, develop in the ground May be green and develop on surface instead
50
Carinal Canal
A water conduction canal in equisetum
51
Vallecular canal
Air-containing canals in equisetum (not the central canal)
52
Equisetum
Horsetail
53
Equisetum gametophyte appearance
Lobed, green cushion like up to 8mm in diameter
54
Elater
Ribbons on spores that unwind in response to humidity to propel spore
55
Crozier / Fiddlehead
A young fern frond that has not unfurled
56
Sorus (Plural sori)
Clusters of sporangia on underside of fern leaves
57
Indusia
Protective covering of sori (spore cluster of fern)
58
Annulus
A row of heavy-walled cells that catapult fern spores
59
Prothallus (plural prothalli)
fern gametophyte One cell thick, heart-shaped discs
60
Stipe
Stem of fern beneath fronds
61
Rachis/Axis
Fern stem where fronds branch off from
62
3 Adaptions Seeds provide for embryo
- Protective coating - Food supply - Suspended animation
63
4 Extant Gymnosperm phyla
- Pinophyta - Ginkgophyta - Cycadophyta - Gnetophyta
64
Phylum Pinophyta
Phylum of gymnosperms Distinct cones and needlelike leaves Conifer trees (pine, fir, spruce, cedar, juniper, etc.)
65
Phylum Ginkgophyta
Phylum of gymnosperms Notched, broad leaves with dichotomous veins; plum-like fruit Gingko biloba only extant species
66
Phylum Cycadophyta
Phylum of gymnosperm Resembles tree ferns and palms (but does not include either) w/ cones in center
67
Phylum Gentophyta
Phylum of gymnosperm Contains vessels and tracheids in the xylem
68
Largest genus in phylum Pinophyta
Pinus Pines
69
Fascicle
A single cluster of conifer needles Consist of short shoots that the bundles of needles sprout from
70
7 Adaptations pines have
- Hypodermis - Thick cuticle over epidermis - Recessed/sunken stomata - Reduced air spaces in mesophyll cells of leaves - Endodermis around veins - Resin - Mycorrhizal fungi
71
Only phylum of gymnosperm that is monoecious
Phylum Pinophyta
72
Pinophyta pollen description
4 cell and 2 air sacs No flagella on sperm
73
Micropyle
Pore in the integument (outer covering) of Pinophyta megasporagium
74
Pollination Drops
Sticky secretion oozing from micropyle of Pinophyta (tube in megasporangia), catches pollen
75
Pollen Tube
A tube grown by a pinophyte pollen grain to reach the egg
76
Is phylum Gyngkophyta evergreen or deciduous?
Deciduous
77
Which phylum of gymnosperms sometimes relies on insects for pollenation?
Phylum Cycadophyta
78
Ephedra
Shrubby gymnosperms in arid regions of SW NA Short leaves, photosynthetic stems, non-flagellated sperm Phylum Gnetophyta
79
Gnetum
Vine-like gymnosperms with broad leaves Tropical Phylum Gnetophyta
80
Welwitschia
Genus of gymnosperm exclusive to SW African desert Short stem, long taproot, two broad leaves that split Phylum Gnetophyta
81

Spring 2025 (6 decks)

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