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Bordeaux Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of France’s total vineyards are in Bordeaux?

A

14%

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2
Q

How far does the Bordeaux area stretch inland?

A

130km

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3
Q

What are the 2 rivers and estuary which run through Bordeaux?

A

Garrone River
Dordogne River
Gironde Estuary

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4
Q

What is the climate of Bordeaux?

A

Maritime

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5
Q

What is the average rainfall in the Medoc annually?

A

950mm

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6
Q

What 3 risks does rain cause for Bordeaux?

A

It can interrupt flowering
It encourages rot
It swells berries before harvest, diluting the final wine

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7
Q

What is the impact of the Atlantic Gulf Stream on Bordeaux’s climate?

A

Gulf Stream brings warm water up from the Caribbean keeping the climate mild despite being on the sea

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8
Q

What are the 6 grape varieties authorised for Bordeaux AOP?

A

Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc
Petit Verdot
Malbec
Carmenere

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9
Q

What are the top 3 red grapes of Bordeaux, and how much of Bordeaux’s red plantings do they take up?

A

Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc
99% of red platings

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10
Q

What are the 7 authorised white grapes of Bordeaux?

A

Semillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Muscadelle
Sauvignon Gris
Ugni Blanc
Merlot Blanc
Colombard

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11
Q

How many trial grapes were approved in 2021 for Bordeaux?

A

6 total
4 red grapes
2 white grapes

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12
Q

What is the purpose of Bordeaux trialling new grapes in 2021?

A

To combat climate change

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13
Q

What percentage of Bordeaux’s plantings are red?

A

90%

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14
Q

What is Bordeaux’s most planted red grape?

A

Merlot

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15
Q

What is Bordeaux’s most planted white grape?

A

Semillon

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16
Q

Which soils does Merlot perform best on in Bordeaux?

A

Cool clay soils

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17
Q

What soils does Cabernet Sauvignon perform best on in Bordeaux?

A

Warmer gravel soils

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18
Q

What are the parents of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Cabernet Franc x Sauvignon Blanc

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19
Q

Which Bordeaux grapes share Cabernet Franc as a parent?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Carmenere

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20
Q

Which grape is a parent to both Merlot and Malbec?

A

Magdeleine Noire des Charentes

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21
Q

What notable aromatic characteristic do all the main grapes of Bordeaux share?

A

Pyrezine - gives grapes their green note, frequently notes as asparagus and fresh tobacco and blackcurrant bush

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22
Q

What percentage of red plantings does Merlot hold in Bordeaux?

A

63%

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23
Q

What is the main risk to Merlot in Bordeaux and why?

A

Rot due to thin skins

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24
Q

Why is Merlot susceptible to coulure?

A

It’s early budding

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25
Q

What does Merlot provide to a Bordeaux blend?

A

Blue and plum fruit
Warm alcohol

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26
Q

What percentage of red plantings does Cabernet Sauvignon hold in Bordeaux?

A

25%

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27
Q

Why is Cabernet Sauvignon able to resist rot better?

A

It has thick skins

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28
Q

What does Cabernet Sauvignon add to Bordeaux blends?

A

Tannin
Phenolic ripeness

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29
Q

What percentage of red plantings does Cabernet Franc hold in Bordeaux?

A

11%

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30
Q

On which Bordeaux bank does Cabernet Franc have the higher plantings?

A

Right bank

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31
Q

What does Cabernet Franc add to Bordeaux blends?

A

Acidity and aromatics

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32
Q

When did Malbec arrive to Bordeaux?

A

1730s

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33
Q

How are Malbec and Petit Verdot used in Bordeaux blends?

A

As accessory grapes, often to lift some aromatics, provide some structure, or add colour

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34
Q

What percentage of white plantings does Semillon hold in Bordeaux?

A

45%

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35
Q

Why is Semillon ideal for botrytis?

A

It is thin skinned, allowing botrytis to easily pierce through the skin to reach the grape

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36
Q

What characteristics does Semillon add to a white Bordeaux blend?

A

Wax, honeydew, and richness

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37
Q

What percentage of white plantings does Sauvignon Blanc hold in Bordeaux?

A

43%

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38
Q

What grape dominates dry white wine blends in Bordeaux?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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39
Q

What are the 2 styles of Bordeaux Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Rich and barrel aged
Grassy and racy

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40
Q

What is the name of the grey-skinned mutation of Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Sauvignon Gris

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41
Q

What percentage of white plantings does Muscadelle hold in Bordeaux?

A

5%

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42
Q

What aromatics does Muscadelle bring to Bordeaux blends?

A

Flowery, grapey aromatics

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43
Q

How many individual AOPs are in Bordeaux?

A

39

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44
Q

What are Bordeaux’s 3 regional appellations?

A

Bordeaux AOP
Bordeaux Superieur AOP
Cremant de Bordeaux AOP

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45
Q

What wines can be produced under Bordeaux AOP?

A

Red
White (dry or sweet)
Rose
Clairet

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46
Q

What wines can be produced under Bordeaux Superieur AOP?

A

Red
Medium sweet white wines

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47
Q

What are the aging requirements of Bordeaux Superieur red wines?

A

Must undergo elevage until June the year following the harvest

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48
Q

What grape dominates Bordeaux Superieur?

A

Merlot

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49
Q

What method is used to make Cremant de Bordeaux?

A

Traditional method

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50
Q

What is the minimum aging requirements for Cremant de Bordeaux?

A

9 months on the lees

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51
Q

What is the only IGP covering Bordeaux?

A

Vin de Pays de l’Atlantique

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52
Q

When was Vin de Pays de l’Atlantique created?

A

2016

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53
Q

What are the 5 departments of Vin de Pays de l’Atlantique?

A

Gironde
Charente
Charente-Maritime
Dordogne
Lot-et-Garone

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54
Q

What was the original name of Bordeaux?

A

Burgidala

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55
Q

When did Burgidala fall into Roman control?

A

56CE

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56
Q

Who renamed Burgidala to Bordeaux?

A

Clovis, the first King of the Franks

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57
Q

Who became Duchess of Aquitaine in 1137?

A

Eleanor of Aquitaine

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58
Q

What happened to Bordeaux (and Aquitaine) in 1154?

A

It joined the English House of Plantagent when Eleanor of Aquitaine married King Henry of England

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59
Q

When did Bordeaux (and Aquitaine) break free from English control and return to French rule?

A

1453 after the 100 years war

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60
Q

What was the impact of the Dutch on Bordeaux in the 1600s?

A

They built a series of canals known as jalles in order to drain the marshland which is now the Medoc. This allowed the gravelly, alluvial soils north of the city to resurface and is now home to the famous left bank Chateaux

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61
Q

Which producer was the first in Bordeaux to release a wine under a brand name instead of as generic Bordeaux?

A

Chateau Haut-Brion in 1660

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62
Q

What was the old Bordeaux protectionist measure of privelage de la descente?

A

Allowed Bordeaux wines a competitive advantage by prohibiting the transfer of non-Bordeaux wine by boat through the port of Bordeaux until November 11

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63
Q

What was the old Bordeaux protectionist measure of privelage de la barrique?

A

Allowed only Bordeaux to store and ship wines in the barrique barrel

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64
Q

When was the modern Bordeaux barrique barrel adopted?

A

1860s

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65
Q

What is the size of the modern Bordeaux barrique?

A

225-litres

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66
Q

What sort of people bought the famous Chateaux of the Medoc after the French Revolution in the 19th century?

A

Businessmen, bankers, and industrialists
Famously the Rothschild family

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67
Q

Who ordered the creation of 1855 Medoc and Sauternes Classifications and why?

A

Napoleon III
To show of France’s best wine during the Paris Universal Expedition

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68
Q

What was the 1855 Medoc Classification based off?

A

Price of the wines at the time

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69
Q

How many Chateaux were originally classed for the 1855 Medoc and Sauternes Classifications?

A

57 Chateaux for the Medoc
21 Chateaux in Sauternes

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70
Q

How many Chateaux are classed today for the 1855 Medoc and Sauternes Classifications?

A

61 Chateaux for the Medoc
27 Chateaux for Sauternes

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71
Q

What was the only major change to occur to the 1855 Medoc Classification?

A

in 1973, 2nd growth Chateau Mouton Rothschild was promoted to 1st Growth

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72
Q

What are the best Bordeaux vintages since 2000?

A

2000
2005
2009
2010
2015
2016
2018
2019
2020
2022

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73
Q

Who was the most important export market for Bordeaux in the 2000s?

A

China

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74
Q

What is the place de Bordeaux?

A

A 3-tier system controlling the trade of wine in Bordeaux

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75
Q

What are the 3 tiers of the Place de Bordeaux?

A

The production tier (Chateau)
The broker tier (courtiers)
The sales tier (negocients)

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76
Q

What is the purpose of courtiers in Bordeaux?

A

They negotiate wine prices between buyers and sellers for a commission

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77
Q

What is the benefit of Bordeaux’s En Primeur campaigns for producers?

A

Allows producers to manage risk and recoup production and inventory costs

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78
Q

How does Bordeaux’s En Primeur campaign work?

A

In the spring following harvest, En Primeur tastings occur. Wines are then scored and and prices released to negocients, and then to trade and the public. Wines will often not reach the public for 2 years

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79
Q

Which Bordeaux Chateau famously opted out of the En Primeur campaign in 2012?

A

Chateau Latour

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80
Q

How are the majority of vines in Bordeaux trained?

A

On vertical trellises in the Guyot system

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81
Q

What vine training system is used in Sauternes?

A

Cordon training

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82
Q

What is the minimum vineyard planting density in the Medoc?

A

7000 vines per hectare

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83
Q

Why are canopies trained lower in the Medoc?

A

In order to absorb more heat reflecting off the gravel soils

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84
Q

What is the minimum vineyard planting density in Saint Emilion and Pomerol?

A

5500 vines per hectare

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85
Q

Why are canopies trained higher on the right bank?

A

Vineyards are more prone to frost, so higher training reduces the risk from frost

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86
Q

What is the benefit of de-leafing in Bordeaux?

A

To ward off rot and increase vineyard ventilation

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87
Q

Why is green harvesting common in Bordeaux?

A

In order to reduce vine vigour, producing more concentrated berries

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88
Q

How many Bordeaux estates are biodynamic?

A

77

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89
Q

What are the 2 types of sorting mechanisms used in Bordeaux?

A

Optical Shorter
Hand sorting

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90
Q

What is an Optical Sorter?

A

Allows a producer to tell a machine specific requirements of berry size, colour, weight, sugar, and more, and the machine will reject any grapes which do not comply to the requirements

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91
Q

How long does elevage often occur for the red grand vins of Bordeaux?

A

18-24 months

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92
Q

How often does racking typically occur for red Bordeaux?

A

Every 3 months

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93
Q

What oak is typically used for barriques?

A

French Limousin oak

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94
Q

What is cliquage?

A

A form of micro-oxygenation which occurs during elevage. This allows moderate doses of oxygen into the finished wine

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95
Q

Where are Bordeaux barriques stored?

A

Chai

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96
Q

What is a Chai?

A

A single story building used to store barriques in Bordeaux

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97
Q

When were the first official second wines released in Bordeaux?

A

1982

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98
Q

What fruit is used for a Chateau’s second wine?

A

Lower quality fruit, such as that rejected from Optical Sorters or from young vines

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99
Q

What are the benefits of second wines for producers and buyers?

A

The provide more money for the Chateau and reduce the waste of material
They are cheaper and more approachable then the grand vins for buyers

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100
Q

What are the 2 subregions of the Medoc?

A

The northern Bas-Medoc and the southern Haut-Medoc

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101
Q

What is the name of the man made forest to the west of the Medoc?

A

Landes Forest

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102
Q

What is the benefit of the Landes Forest for Bordeaux?

A

It protects the region from strong, salt-bearing winds coming off the Atlantic

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103
Q

How many AOPs are there in the Medoc?

A

8, including Medoc AOP

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104
Q

What is the dominant grape of Medoc AOC?

A

Merlot

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105
Q

What are the villages of the bas-Medoc?

A

St-Yzans
St-Christoly
Couqueques
St Germain-d’Esteuil
Ordinance
Blaignan
Begadan

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106
Q

Where are the majority of Cru Bourgeois and Cru Artisan Chateaux located?

A

In the Bas-Medoc

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107
Q

Which classed growth owns the famous Cru Bourgeois Chateau Potensac?

A

Chateau Leoville Las Cases

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108
Q

What is the appellation covering the southern Medoc?

A

Haut-Medoc AOP

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109
Q

Which leading unclassified Chateau owns the strip of landing bordering the north of St-Estephe?

A

Chateau Sociando-Mallet

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110
Q

What are the 6 appellations within the Haut Medoc?

A

Saint-Estephe
Pauillac
Saint-Julien
Margaux
Listrac Medoc
Moulis en Medoc

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111
Q

What is the northernmost Haut Medoc appellation?

A

Saint-Estephe

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112
Q

What is the name of the river marking the southern boundary of Saint-Estephe?

A

Jalle de Breuil

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113
Q

What are the soils of Saint-Estephe?

A

Gravel over clay and sand

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114
Q

Which Saint Estephe Chateau faces Lafite Rothschild across the Jalle de Breuil?

A

Chateau Cos d’Estournel

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115
Q

How many classed growths does Saint-Estephe have?

A

5

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116
Q

Which Chateaux own the following Saint-Estephe based Cru Bourgeois?:
- Pez
- Ormes de Pez

A

Pez is owned by Chateau Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande
Ormes de Pez is owned by Chateau Lynch Bages

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117
Q

Other than Pez and Ormes de Pez, what Cru Bourgeois are known for their quality in Saint Estephe?

A

Phelan Segur
Beau-Site
Le Boscq
Capbern

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118
Q

What is the style of Saint-Estephe?

A

Rustic, agressive, and sturdy with higher acidity than the other appellations

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119
Q

Which grape makes up 40% of plantings in Saint Estephe?

A

Merlot

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120
Q

How many hectares of vines are planted in Saint-Estephe?

A

1250ha

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121
Q

What are the 3 first growths of Pauillac?

A

Chateau Lafite Rothschild
Chateau Mouton Rothschild
Chateau Latour

122
Q

What is the dominant soil of Pauillac?

A

Deep gravel coupes

123
Q

What grape dominate Pauillac plantings?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

124
Q

Which first growths mark the northern and southern boundaries of Pauillac?

A

Chateau Lafite-Rothschild marks the northern boundary
Chateau Latour marks the southern boundary

125
Q

Who bought Chateau Pichon Longueville Lalande de Comtesse in 2007?

A

Champagne house Louis Roederer

126
Q

How many hectares of vines are planted in Pauillac?

A

1100ha

127
Q

How many communes are within Saint-Julien?

A

3

128
Q

What is the river bordering the south of Saint Julien?

A

Jalle du Nord

129
Q

Who has owned Chateau Lagrange since 1983?

A

House of Suntory in Japan

130
Q

How many hectares are in Saint Julien?

A

920ha

131
Q

What percentage of Saint-Julien’s output comes from classed growths?

A

85%

132
Q

How many hectares does Margaux cover?

A

1500ha

133
Q

How many communes are within Margaux?

A

5

134
Q

What are the communes of Saint Julien?

A

Saint-Julien-Beychevelle
Cussac-Fort-Medoc
Saint-Laurent

135
Q

What are the communes of Margaux?

A

Margaux
Cantenac
Soussans
Arsac
Labarde

136
Q

What are the soils of Margaux?

A

Shallow gravel croups mixed with sand, limestone, and clay

137
Q

How much of Margaux is planted with Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

65%

138
Q

How many classed growths are in Margaux?

A

21

139
Q

What are the 2 leading Chateaux of Margaux?

A

Chateau Margaux
Chateau Palmer

140
Q

What is the style of Margaux?

A

More aromatic and silky than those from further north

141
Q

Where are Moulis AOP and Listrac AOP located?

A

Between Saint Julien and Margaux

142
Q

When was Moulis AOP created?

A

1938

143
Q

What are the 2 top Cru Bourgeois of Moulis AOP?

A

Chateau Chasse-Spleen
Chateau Poujeaux

144
Q

When did Listrac AOP gain appellation status?

A

1957

145
Q

What is the dominant grape of Moulis en Medoc?

A

Merlot

146
Q

When was the Cru Artisan classification officially recognised?

A

2002

147
Q

From 2005, how many producers are part of the Cru Artisan classification?

A

44

148
Q

In 2023, how many producers how classified for the Cru Artisan?

A

33

149
Q

From 2023, how often will the Cru Artisan classification be reviewed?

A

Every 5 years

150
Q

When was the Cru Bourgeois classification first introduced in Bordeaux?

A

1932

151
Q

How many properties were classified Cru Bourgeois in 1932?

A

444

152
Q

What are the 3 tiers of the Cru Bourgeois classification?

A

Cru Bourgeois
Cru Bourgeois Superieur
Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel

153
Q

As of 2020, how many chateau are classified at each tier of the Cru Bourgeois?

A

249 Cru Bourgeois
56 Cru Bourgeois Superieur
14 Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel

154
Q

How frequently will the Cru Bourgeois classification be reviewed?

A

Every 5 years

155
Q

Where is the Graves located?

A

South of the city of Bordeaux along the Garonne River

156
Q

What is the dominant soils of the Graves?

A

Gravel with more sand and limestone as you go further south

157
Q

What are the 2 regional appellations for the Graves?

A

Graves AOP for dry red and white wines
Graves Superieur AOP for sweet white wines

158
Q

When was the graves classification first drafted up?

A

1953

159
Q

When was the graves classification finalised?

A

1959

160
Q

How many chateau are currently part of the Graves Classification?

A

16

161
Q

How many Graves chateau are classed for red, white, and both colours?

A

7 for red wine only
3 for white wine only
6 for red and white wine

162
Q

Which 2 Graves Chateau disappeared in the 2000s?

A

Chateau La Tour Haut Brion in 2005
Chateau Laville Haut Brion in 2008
Both Chateau now provide fruit for wines for La Mission Haut Brion

163
Q

Which winemaker was pushing for the creation of Pessac Leognan in the 1970s?

A

Andre Lurton

164
Q

Which Bordeaux Chateau did Andre Lurton take over in 1968?

A

Chateau Couhins

165
Q

When was the Pessac-Leognan appellation created?

A

1987

166
Q

How many communes are within the Pessac appellation?

A

10

167
Q

How many hectares of vines fall under the Pessac appellation?

A

1700ha

168
Q

What percentage of Pessacs output is red?

A

80%

169
Q

What are the top 2 producers of white wines in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Haut Brion
Domaine de Chevalier

170
Q

What are the grapes used in Sauternes?

A

Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle

171
Q

What is pourriture?

A

Noble rot (botrytis cinerea)

172
Q

When were the chateau of Sauternes classified?

A

1855

173
Q

What are the communes within Sauternes?

A

Sauternes
Barsac
Bommes
Fargues
Preignac

174
Q

How many hectares are under vine in Sauternes?

A

2200ha

175
Q

What are the 2 important rivers for Sauternes?

A

River Garonne
River Ciron

176
Q

How do producers harvest in Sauternes?

A

In tries, which are multiple walks through the vineyard

177
Q

How many tries usually occur in Sauternes during harvest?

A

3-4

178
Q

How are Sauternes wines fermented?

A

In barrel

179
Q

What is the average sugar levels of Sauternes?

A

120-160g/l

180
Q

What is the largest commune within Sauternes?

A

Barsac AOP

181
Q

How are white wines from Bordeaux labelled?

A

Bordeaux AOP

182
Q

What is considered the best dry white wine from Sauternes?

A

Ygrec by Chateau Yquem

183
Q

What is the only 1er cru Superieur in Sauternes?

A

Chateau d’Yquem

184
Q

How has owned Chateau d’Yquem since 1999?

A

LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet and Hennessy)

185
Q

Where is Cerons AOP located?

A

Just north of Barsac

186
Q

What are the 3 communes of Cerons AOP?

A

Cerons
Podensac
Illats

187
Q

What wines are produced under Cerons AOP?

A

Sweet wines

188
Q

When was Cerons AOP created?

A

1936

189
Q

How many appellations make up the right bank of Bordeaux?

A

10

190
Q

What percentage of Bordeaux’s wines does the right bank produce?

A

10%

191
Q

What is the biggest viticultural concern for the right bank of Bordeaux?

A

Frost

192
Q

What soil is most widespread on the right bank?

A

Cool clay and calcareous clay

193
Q

What are the dominant grapes of he right bank?

A

Merlot (roughly 70%)
Cabernet Franc (roughly 30%)

194
Q

In the core right bank appellations of Bordeaux, what are white wines released as?

A

Bordeaux AOP

195
Q

When was Saint Emilion designated a world heritage site?

A

1999

196
Q

Which rivers does Saint Emilion lie between?

A

The Dordogne and Barbanne Rivers

197
Q

How many communes can produce Saint Emilion AOP?

A

9

198
Q

How many hectares are under vine in Saint Emilion?

A

5000ha

199
Q

What are the cotes of Saint Emilion?

A

The hilled limestone plateau covering the town of Saint Emilion and surrounding vineyards

200
Q

What are the soils of Saint Emilion near the border with Pomerol?

A

Shift from clay and limestone to warmer gravel

201
Q

Which 2 famous Chateau sit on the gravel soils in Saint Emilion?

A

Chateau Figeac
Chateau Cheval Blanc

202
Q

How do the soils change at the bottom of the cotes in Saint Emilion?

A

Soils become sandier

203
Q

What are the 2 appellations covering Saint Emilion and when were they created?

A

Saint Emilion AOP created in 1936
Saint Emilion Grand Cru AOP created in 1954

204
Q

Where are the majority of Saint Emilion Grand Crus located?

A

On the cotes

205
Q

When was the Saint Emilion classification created?

A

1954

206
Q

How frequently is the Saint Emilion classification supposed to be reviewed?

A

Every 10 years

207
Q

What years has the Saint Emilion classification been reviewed?

A

1958 (it was legally enacted)
1969
1986
1996
2006
2012
2022

208
Q

What happened after the 2006 Saint Emilion Classification revision?

A

A group of demoted chateau brought legal action against the revision. In 2009, the court reinstated the demoted chateau and kept the upgraded chateau. This led to an appeal process being created from the 2012 classification onwards

209
Q

As of the 2022 classification, what are the 2 Premier Grand Cru Classe A Chateaux?

A

Chateau Pavie
Chateau Figeac

210
Q

As of the 2022 classification, how many Chateau are classed in the Saint Emilion Classification?

A

2 Premier Grand Cru Classe A
12 Premier Grand Cru Classe B
71 Grand Cru Classe

211
Q

Which Chateau withdrew from the Saint Emilion Classification in 2022?

A

Cheval Blanc
Angelus
Ausone
La Gaffeliere

212
Q

What is the dominant grape of Pomerol?

A

Merlot

213
Q

What percentages of Pomerol’s vineyards does Merlot makeup?

A

70%

214
Q

Which rivers flow around Pomerol?

A

Isle River, Barbanne River and Dordogne River

215
Q

What soil is Pomerol known for?

A

Clay, especially blue clay on the best sites

216
Q

What are the 3 types of Pomerol and where are they found?

A

Sand is found at the bottom of the slopes and lower slopes
Gravel is found over clay and crasse de fer coming up the mid slopes of the plateau
Clay is found at the top of the plateau along with the best producer

217
Q

What is the crasse de fer soil found in Pomerol?

A

Iron rich sand deposits

218
Q

Which soil type is Petrus sat on?

A

Blue clay

219
Q

What is the blend of the average Petrus?

A

100% Merlot

220
Q

What percentage of vineyard area in Pomerol is planted to Cabernet Franc?

A

25%

221
Q

Other than Petrus, name 5 top Pomerol estates

A

Vieux Chateau Certan (VCC)
Lafleur
Le Pin
L’Evangile
Trotanoy
Clinet
La Conseillante
Petit Villag

222
Q

Is there a classification in Pomerol?

A

No

223
Q

Where is Fronsac and Canon-Fronsac located?

A

North of Pomerol down the Dordogne River

224
Q

When did the wines from Fronsac first gain a reputation?

A

18th and 19th century

225
Q

Where were Fronsac wines famously served in France?

A

The Palace of Versailles

226
Q

How many hectares of vines cover Fronsac and Canon-Fronsac?

A

1100ha

227
Q

What river separates Fronsac from the Lalande de Pomerol?

A

Isle River

228
Q

What is the dominant grape of Fronsac?

A

Merlot

229
Q

How many hectares are in Canon-Fronsac?

A

300ha

230
Q

What is the soil of Fronsac?

A

Fronsadais molasse

231
Q

What is the soil Fronsadais molasse?

A

A mixture of soft limestone and clay

232
Q

What are the 4 satellite Saint Emilion appellations?

A

Lussac Saint Emilion
Puisseguin Saint Emilion
Montagne Saint Emilion
Saint Georges Saint Emilion

233
Q

How many Saint Emilion satellite appellations were originally created?

A

6

234
Q

Which 2 Saint Emilion satellite appellations no longer exist and why?

A

Sables AOP because it was absorbed by Libourne and its vineyards included in Saint Emilion AOP
Parsac AOP disappeared in 1973 as it was absorbed by Montagne Saint Emilion

235
Q

What is the dominant grape of the Saint Emilion satellites?

A

Merlot

236
Q

What are the soils of the Saint Emilion Satellites?

A

A mix of gravel, clay, and limestone

237
Q

Which Saint Emilion satellite has the highest output of wine?

A

Montagne Saint Emilion

238
Q

Which Saint Emilion satellite has the highest elevation?

A

Puisseguin Saint Emilion

239
Q

Where is Lalande de Pomerol?

A

Right bank of Bordeaux, west of Montagne Saint Emilion

240
Q

Which river separate Lalande de Pomerol from Montagne Saint Emilion?

A

Barbanne River

241
Q

What are the 2 communes of Lalande de Pomerol?

A

Lalande de Pomerol and Neac

242
Q

What are the soils of Lalande de Pomerol?

A

Crasse de fer, though less present than on the Pomerol plateau

243
Q

What grape dominate Lalande de Pomerol?

A

Merlot, covering 75% of vineyard area

244
Q

What does Entre-Deux-Mers mean?

A

Between the 2 seas

245
Q

Which rivers flow either side of the Entre-Deux-Mers?

A

The Dordogne and Garonne Rivers

246
Q

When did the Entre-Deux-Mere gain its appellation for white wines?

A

1937

247
Q

What grape dominates the vineyards of Entre-Deux-Mers?

A

Merlot, destined for Bordeaux AOP and Bordeaux Superieur AOP

248
Q

What region does 75% of Bordeaux AOP come from?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers

249
Q

What are the soils of the Entre-Deux-Mers?

A

Weathered limestone under cool clay and sandy clay topsoil

250
Q

Which Entre-Deux-Mers wines are allowed to carry the Haut-Benauge designation?

A

Wines coming from 9 communes along the border of Cotes de Bordeaux Saint Macaire AOP

251
Q

What style of wines does Cotes de Bordeaux Saint Macaire AOP produce?

A

Dry and sweet white wines

252
Q

Where is the Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

A thin ribbon of hillsides along the Garonne River

253
Q

What wines are produced from Premieres Côte de Bordeaux?

A

Sweet white wines

254
Q

What is the minimum residual sugar for Premieres Côtes de Bordeaux?

A

34g/l

255
Q

What is the dominant grape if Premieres Côtes de Bordeaux?

A

Semillon

256
Q

What are the 3 superior sweet wine appellation within Premieres Côtes de Bordeaux?

A

Cadillac
Loupiac
Saint-Croix-du-Mont

257
Q

Where is Graves de Vader’s located?

A

Northeast of the Entre Deux Mers opposite Libourne

258
Q

Where is Saint Foy AOP located?

A

The edge of the Entre Deux Mers before Bergerac begins

259
Q

When was the Cotes de Bordeaux introduced?

A

2009

260
Q

What are the 4 disconnected areas of the Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux along the Garonne River
East of Saint Emilion and the Satellites
Between Entre de Mers and Bergerac
Right bank of the Gironde west of Pomerol

261
Q

What wines are produced by the Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Dry red wines based off Merlot

262
Q

What are the 5 geographic designations permitted within the Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Castillon
Francs
Cadillac
Blaye
Sainte-Foye

263
Q

Where is Castillon located in Bordeaux?

A

Eastern sector of the right bank, beyond the satellites

264
Q

What wines may be produced from Castillon Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Red wines only

265
Q

Where is Francs Cotes de Bordeaux located?

A

Eastern section of the right bank

266
Q

What wines may be produced from Francs Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Dry red and white wines

267
Q

Where is Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux located?

A

Within the Premiers Cotes de Bordeaux strip on the right bank of the Garonne

268
Q

Which wines may be produced from the Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Red wines only

269
Q

Where is Blaye Côtes de Bordeaux located?

A

Covers the same parameters as Blaye AOP

270
Q

What wines may be produced under Blaye Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Dry red or white wines

271
Q

Where is Sainte-Foye Cotes de Bordeaux located?

A

East of the Entre Deux Mers, bordering Bergerac

272
Q

What wines may be produced from Sainte-Foye Cotes de Bordeaux?

A

Dry red or white wines

273
Q

Where are Bourg and Blaye located?

A

On the right bank of the Gironde estuary, northwest of Pomerol

274
Q

When was Bourg AOP established?

A

1936

275
Q

When was Bourg AOP permitted to produce white wines?

A

1941

276
Q

What grape dominates Bourg AOP?

A

Merlot

277
Q

What are the main soils of Bourg AOP?

A

Clay with gravel pockets

278
Q

How much Malbec is planted in Bourg AOP?

A

10% of vineyards

279
Q

How many hectares of vines represent Bourg AOP?

A

4000ha

280
Q

What is considered the highest quality Chateau of Bourg AOP?

A

Chateau Roc de Cambes

281
Q

What are the soils of Blaye AOP?

A

Clay and limestone

282
Q

How many hectares of vines cover Blaye AOP?

A

6500ha

283
Q

What wines may be released under Cotes de Blaye AOP?

A

Rare white blends based off Ugni Blanc and Colombard

284
Q

What are the 1st growth of Bordeaux and where are they located?

A

Chateau Lafite Rothschild - Pauillac
Chateau Mouton Rothschild - Pauillac
Chateau Latour - Pauillac
Chateau Margaux - Margaux
Chateau Haut Brion - Pessac-Leognan

285
Q

What is the second wine of Chateau Lafite Rothschild?

A

Carrudes de Lafite-Rothschild

286
Q

What is the second wine of Chateau Mouton Rothschild?

A

Le Petits Mouton de Mouton Rothschild

287
Q

What is the second wine of Chateau Latour?

A

Les Forts de Latour

288
Q

What is the second wine of Chateau Margaux?

A

Pavillon Rouge de Margaux

289
Q

What is the second wine of Chateau Haut Brion?

A

Les Clarence de Haut Brion

290
Q

What are the 2nd growths of Pauillac and their second wines?

A

Chateau Cos d’Estournel - Les Pagodes de Cos
Chateau Montrose - La Dame de Montrose

291
Q

What are the 2nd growths of Pauillac and their second wines?

A

Chateau Pichon Longueville Baron - Les Tourelles de Longueville
Chateau Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande - Reserve de la Comtesse

292
Q

What are the second growths of Saint Julien and their second wines?

A

Chateau Leoville Las Cases - Le Petit Lion de Marquis de las Cases
Chateau Levoille Poyferre - Chateau Moulin Riche
Chateau Leoville Barton - La Reserve de Leoville Barton
Chateau Gruard Larose - Sarget de Gruard-Larose
Chateau Ducru-Beaucaillou - La Croix de Beaucaillou

293
Q

What are the second growths and their second wines of Margaux?

A

Chateau Rauzan Segla - Segla
Chateau Rauzan Gassies - Chevalier de Rauzan Gassies
Chateau Dufort-Vivens - Vivens de Dufort Vivens
Chateau Lascombes - Chevalier de Lascombes
Chateau Brane-Cantenac - Baron de Brane

294
Q

What is the Premier Cru Superieur of Sauternes and its second wine?

A

Chateau d’Yquem - Sauternes No.2

295
Q

What are the 1st Growths of Barsac?

A

Chateau Coutet
Chateau Climens

296
Q

What are the 1st growths of Sauternes?

A

Chateau La Tour Blanche
Chateau Lafayette-Peyraguey
Clos Haut-Peyraguey
Chateau de Rayne Vigneau
Chateau Suduirat
Chateau Guiraud
Chateau Ruissec
Chateau Rabaud-Promis
Chateau Sigalas Rabaud

297
Q

What are the classed Chateau of the Cadaujac commune in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Chateau Bousquet for red and white wine

298
Q

What are the classed Chateau of the Leognan commune in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Chateau Carbonnieux - for red and white wines
Domaine de Chevalier - for red and white wines
Chateau Malartic-Lagraviere - for red and white wines
Chateau Olivier - for red and white wines
Chateau de Fieuzel - for red wines
Chateau Haut Bailey - for red wines

299
Q

What are the classed Chateau of the Martillac commune in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Chateau Latour-Martillac - for red and white wines
Chateau Smith-Haut-Lafite - for red wines

300
Q

What are the classed Chateau of the Pessac commune in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Chateau Haut Brion - for red wines
Chateau Pape-Clement - for red wines

301
Q

What are the classed Chateau of the Talence commune in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Chateau La Mission Haut Brion - for red wines
Chateau La Tour Haut Brion - for red wines
Chateau Laville Haut Brion - for white wines

302
Q

What are the classed Chateau of the Villenave-d’Ornon commune in Pessac-Leognan?

A

Chateau Couhins - for white wine
Chateau Couhins-Lurton - for white wine

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