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Chemistry > Booklet 7 - Carbon Compounds > Flashcards

Booklet 7 - Carbon Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the number of organic compounds possible huge?

A

Carbon is able to form rings and chains of infinite variation

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2
Q

Where does the carbon come from?

A

Crude oil

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3
Q

What is carbon used in?

A

Medicine, detergents, plastics, fuels etc

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4
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Its made from a mixture of hydrocarbons. Its a finite resource as its found under the ground in rocks,

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5
Q

What are hyrdocarbons?

A

Are molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon only

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6
Q

What must each carbon and hyrdogen have?

A

Carbon must have four covalent bonds and hydrogen 1 covalent bond

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7
Q

What are hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds called?

A

Alkanes

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8
Q

What do alkanes form part of?

A

Homologous series each differing by a CH2 unit

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9
Q

Whats the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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10
Q

What is the formuoa for methane?

A

CH4

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11
Q

What is the formula of ethane?

A

C2H6

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12
Q

What is the formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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13
Q

What is the formula for Butane?

A

C4H10

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14
Q

How can we make a mixture of crude oil useful?

A

Separate it into fractions of hydrocarbons of similar size

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15
Q

What is the separation process?

A

1) . The crude oil is heated so it vapourises
2) . Its sent into the bottem of tower which is hot at thr bottem and cold at the top
3) . As the hydrocarbons rise up the tower they cool down
4) . Each hydrocarbon reaches the height where it is cool enough- it condenses
5) . Hydrocarbons with low boiling points collect at the top, and bigger hydrocarbons with bigger boiling points collect near the bottem

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16
Q

How are boiling points associated with hydrocarbons?

A

Longer molecules have higher boiling points as they’re heavier, more slower in movement and then become more tangled.
- they have greater intermolecular forces and therefore require more heat energy to gain enough speed to leave the surface of the liquid to become a gas i.e boil/evaporate

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17
Q

How is flammability associated with hydrocarbons?

A

Smaller molecules burn more easily eg methane, butane or octane. Larger molecules dont burn eg bitumen. Therefore smaller hydrocarbons tend to be used as fuels

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18
Q

How is viscosity associated with hydrocarbons?

A

Longer molecules become more tangles, possess greater intermolecular and are less able to move past each other

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19
Q

What happens in complete combustion? What form is energy released in?

A

When it occurs, the hydrogen is oxidised to form water, H2O and the carbon is oxidised to form CO2
- heat and light

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20
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons with a double covalent bond

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21
Q

What do alkenes form part of?

A

They also like alkanes form part of the homologous series, differing by a CH2 unit

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22
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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23
Q

What is the general formula of ethene?

A

C2H4

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24
Q

What is the general formula of propene?

A

C3H6

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25
Q

What is the general formula of butene?

A

C4H8

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26
Q

What is the general formula of pentene?

A

C5H10

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27
Q

What does alkene react with bromine water to make?

A

Makes the bromine water colourless

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28
Q

Why is the bromine test used?

A

To distinguish alkanes from alkenes as alkanes are unreactive and dont make bromine water colourless whereas alkenes do

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29
Q

What is the shortage and excess of?

A

Shortage of smaller hydrocarbons that are used as fuels and excess of larger ones that are used for surfacing roads

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30
Q

What is the solution for the shortage and excess of hydrocarbons?

A

Convert the large molecules into smaller molecules by cracking

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31
Q

What is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction because large alkanes are heated to a vapour and broken up into smaller molecules

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32
Q

What is always made during cracking?

A

A mixture of alkanes and alkenes

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33
Q

Which two ways can cracking be done?

A
  • by passing the alkane vapour over a hot powered aluminium oxide catalyst (catalytic cracking)
  • by mixing the alkane vapour with steam (steam cracking) before heating to a very high temperature
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34
Q

Where would cracking take place

A

In industry, it would take place in a cracking unit connected to a fractional distillation column

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35
Q

What happens if a oil company needed smaller molecules in cracking?

A

It can switch on a unit and convert the lubricating and heavy gas oil into smaller molecules

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36
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A atom or atoms that are responsible for most of the chemical reactions of an organic compound

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37
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

When hydrogen is added to an unsaturated alkene a saturated alkane is made - reacts with double bonded carbons to open up the bond

38
Q

What are alkenes said to be in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

Unsaturated as theyre not full up with hydrogen atoms there is space to add more at the C-C double bond

39
Q

What does hydrogenation occur at?

A

At 150 degrees with a nickel catalyst

40
Q

How can oxgyen react with alkenes?

A

They react with oxygen in combustions like alkanes however we don’t usually combust alkenes, as they burn in air with smoky yellow flames due to incomplete combustion

41
Q

What two reasons explain why we dont combust alkenes?

A

1) . Alkenes burn with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion and soot is made
2) . They are more useful as starting materials for making polymers, alcohols, medicines etc

42
Q

How do alkenes react with halogens?

A

They react by addition reactions - the halogen atoms are added across the unsaturated c=c double bond to make c-c single bonds

43
Q

How do alkenes react with steam?

A
44
Q

What is needed for a hydration reaction?

A

High temperatures and pressures as well as a concentreated phosphoric acid catalyst

45
Q

What is the formala of propene, what reactants and conditions are needed, and what is the formula of the product?

A
  • C3H5
  • H2 gas
  • nickel catalyst, 150 degrees
  • C3H8
46
Q

What is the formala of propene , what reactants and conditions are needed, and what is the formula of the product?

A
47
Q

What is the formala of ethene, what reactants and conditions are needed, and what is the formula of the product?

A
  • C2H4
  • H2O gas
  • high temps, high pressure, concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst
  • C2H6O
48
Q

Wha functional group do alcohols have? What do they differ by?

A

functional group is O-H and differs by a CH2

49
Q

What happens when alcohols react with water?

A

They are soluble in water, and form solutions with a neutral pH

50
Q

What happens when alcohols burn with oxygen?

A

They produce CO2 and H2O in complete combustion

- they are flammable

51
Q

What happens when alcohols undergo mild oxidation?

A

Alcohol molecules are blasted apart vigorously to form CO2 and H2O. However a mild oxidising agent will gently add oxygen or remove hydrogen from a molecule without breaking it apart

52
Q

What happens when alcohols are oxidised?

A

They produce carboxylic acids eg when wine is oxidised to make vinegar

53
Q

What happens when sodium reacts with alcohols?

A

It reacts similarly to when sodium reacts with water producing hydrogen gas and a basic solution

54
Q

What alcohols very good use in?

A

First four alcohols are used as fuels, methanol and ethanol used as solvents in industry as they can dissolve in most things that water can

55
Q

What is ethanol and where is it used?

A

Its the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks. grapes make wine, apples to male coder, and malted barley to make beer

56
Q

What happens in alcoholic drinks? What is it called

A

The sugars present jn the juices of the plant material are converted by yeast into ethanol and CO2 -> fermentation

57
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Have the functional group COOH, they follow the homologous series where each memeber differes from its neighbour by a CH2 unit, their names end in anoic acid

58
Q

What are the structural formula of methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanic acid?

A

Methanoic acid - HCOOH
Ethanoic acid - CH3COOH
Propanoic acid - CH3CH2COOH
Butanic acid - CH3CH2CH2COOH

59
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids undergoes a reaction with water?

A

They undergo dissociation or ionisation

60
Q

What is the dissociation process also called? What happens?

A

Also called ionisation.
- it results in the production of aqueous H+ ions, making the solution acidic. However as it is only partial, only some H+ ions are made at any 1 time, and the acid solution is weak with a pH 4 so carboxylic acids are weak acids

61
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

As they’re acids they will react with any compound containing carbonate to form a salt, CO2 and water
- salts formed will end in -anoate

62
Q

What happens with carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

They can be reacted together if a small amount of concentrated H2SO4 is present to act as a catalyst. A molcules of water is removed from the carboxylic acid and alcohol & the remaining fragments are combined together

63
Q

What is the concentrated H2SO4 able to do in reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols?

A

It is able to catalyse the reacrion as it absorbs water strongly, encouraging the reaction to proceed. The products formed are esters and contain the ester functional group.

64
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule that has been made from smaller pieces called monomers that join to form polymers

65
Q

What types of polymers do alkenes, alcohol and carboxylic acid combinations, amino acids and nucleotides make?

A

1) . Alkenes- addition polymer
2) . Alcohol and carboxylic acidd combinations - (manufactured) condensation polymer
3) . Amino acids - proteins
4) . Nucleotides - DNA

66
Q

What two types of polymers can polymers be?

A

Synthesised (made) in industry to produce objects we see around us, or biological polymers such as DNA or proteins which are in living cells

67
Q

What are the products of addition polymerisation?

A

A polymer and a small molecule

68
Q

What happens in each case of additon polymerisation?

A

The repeating unit has the same number of atoms as the monomers as no other molecule is formed in the reaction.

69
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

involves either:

  • two monomer types each containing two of the same functional groups
  • one monomer type with two different functional groups
70
Q

What is a polyester?

A

Made from many dicarboxylic acid monomers reacting with many dialochol monomers (di->two)

71
Q

What happens to form the name polyester?

A

The ester functional group is formed over and over again

72
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

They are naturally ocurring molecules essential for life. They are monomers that have a functional group at the end of the molecule expect its either COOH or NH2.

73
Q

What are four of them?

A

Glycine, alanine, phenyalanine, asparagine

74
Q

What is glycine?

A

The simplest amino acid ans can be polymerised to form polyglycine

75
Q

What is formed when many amino acids form together?

A

A polypeptide

76
Q

What can different proteins be made from?

A

Different combinations of amino acids into the same polypeptide chain, allowing a huge variety of different proteins & enzymes to be made from a small number

77
Q

What is DNA?

A

A large molcule that encodes genetic instructions for the development of all livinf organisms and viruses

78
Q

What is DNA responsible for?

A

Decoding which amino acids are joined together and in what order, to form the proteins ane enzymes that decide what happens in a living cells

79
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

two polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides, that each contain a base

80
Q

What the structure of DNA?

A

phosphate, sugar functional groups and organic base.

The phosphate and sugar functional groups polymerise in duplicate with these bases also bonding to each other

81
Q

What happens when DNA becomes so long?

A

When the two chains/strands are so long they wrap around each other in a shape called a Double Helix

82
Q

What other things are naturally occurring polymers?

A

Starch and cellulose, they are made from glucose monomer units

83
Q

What happens when links form?

A

If the links are in a line its starch, if they’re diagonal its cellulose

84
Q

What are starch and cellulose used in?

A

Starch - used by cells as a food store, potatoes, wheat etc

Cellulose - makes the cell wall of plants and give green plants their rigid structure and ability to grow upright

85
Q

What are the uses of addition polymer, condensation polymer, proteins and DNA?

A

1) . Addition polymer - plastic bags, carpets, crates, plastic chairs
2) Condensation polymerisation - nylon&polyester clothing, fishing line
3) . Amino acids - enzymes, muscles, growth and repair of living things
4) DNA - defines the characteristics of living things

86
Q

What is an ester?

A

Formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, an acid catalyst is usually used
- alcohol + carboxylic acid -> (acid catalyst) ester + water

87
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

When monomers join to form polymers, usually at high presumably and a catalyst is used

88
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

When lots of unsaturated (alkenes) can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains.

89
Q

what conditions are needed for fermentation?

A

happens fastest at 37 degrees, in a slightly acidic condition under anaerobic conditions

90
Q

what functional group do esters have?

A
  • COO
  • alcohol + carboxylic acid -> (acid catalyst) ester + water
  • eg ethyl ethanoate is made from ethanoic acid and ethanol with an acid catalyst
91
Q

how do amino acids react?

A

they form polymers known as polypeptides via condensation polymerisation, the amino group can react with the acid of another to form a polymer chain where a molecule of water is lost

92
Q

what are sugars?

A

they are small molecules that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
- sugars can react together through polymerisation reactions to form larger carbohydrate polymers eg starch and cellulose

Chemistry (12 decks)

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