Booklet 7 - Carbon Compounds Flashcards
1
Q
Why is the number of organic compounds possible huge?
A
Carbon is able to form rings and chains of infinite variation
2
Q
Where does the carbon come from?
A
Crude oil
3
Q
What is carbon used in?
A
Medicine, detergents, plastics, fuels etc
4
Q
What is crude oil?
A
Its made from a mixture of hydrocarbons. Its a finite resource as its found under the ground in rocks,
5
Q
What are hyrdocarbons?
A
Are molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon only
6
Q
What must each carbon and hyrdogen have?
A
Carbon must have four covalent bonds and hydrogen 1 covalent bond
7
Q
What are hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds called?
A
Alkanes
8
Q
What do alkanes form part of?
A
Homologous series each differing by a CH2 unit
9
Q
Whats the general formula for an alkane?
A
CnH2n+2
10
Q
What is the formuoa for methane?
A
CH4
11
Q
What is the formula of ethane?
A
C2H6
12
Q
What is the formula for propane?
A
C3H8
13
Q
What is the formula for Butane?
A
C4H10
14
Q
How can we make a mixture of crude oil useful?
A
Separate it into fractions of hydrocarbons of similar size
15
Q
What is the separation process?
A
1) . The crude oil is heated so it vapourises
2) . Its sent into the bottem of tower which is hot at thr bottem and cold at the top
3) . As the hydrocarbons rise up the tower they cool down
4) . Each hydrocarbon reaches the height where it is cool enough- it condenses
5) . Hydrocarbons with low boiling points collect at the top, and bigger hydrocarbons with bigger boiling points collect near the bottem
16
Q
How are boiling points associated with hydrocarbons?
A
Longer molecules have higher boiling points as they’re heavier, more slower in movement and then become more tangled.
- they have greater intermolecular forces and therefore require more heat energy to gain enough speed to leave the surface of the liquid to become a gas i.e boil/evaporate
17
Q
How is flammability associated with hydrocarbons?
A
Smaller molecules burn more easily eg methane, butane or octane. Larger molecules dont burn eg bitumen. Therefore smaller hydrocarbons tend to be used as fuels
18
Q
How is viscosity associated with hydrocarbons?
A
Longer molecules become more tangles, possess greater intermolecular and are less able to move past each other
19
Q
What happens in complete combustion? What form is energy released in?
A
When it occurs, the hydrogen is oxidised to form water, H2O and the carbon is oxidised to form CO2
- heat and light
20
Q
What are alkenes?
A
Hydrocarbons with a double covalent bond
21
Q
What do alkenes form part of?
A
They also like alkanes form part of the homologous series, differing by a CH2 unit
22
Q
What is the general formula of alkenes?
A
CnH2n
23
Q
What is the general formula of ethene?
A
C2H4
24
Q
What is the general formula of propene?
A
C3H6
25
What is the general formula of butene?
C4H8
26
What is the general formula of pentene?
C5H10
27
What does alkene react with bromine water to make?
Makes the bromine water colourless
28
Why is the bromine test used?
To distinguish alkanes from alkenes as alkanes are unreactive and dont make bromine water colourless whereas alkenes do
29
What is the shortage and excess of?
Shortage of smaller hydrocarbons that are used as fuels and excess of larger ones that are used for surfacing roads
30
What is the solution for the shortage and excess of hydrocarbons?
Convert the large molecules into smaller molecules by cracking
31
What is cracking?
A thermal decomposition reaction because large alkanes are heated to a vapour and broken up into smaller molecules
32
What is always made during cracking?
A mixture of alkanes and alkenes
33
Which two ways can cracking be done?
- by passing the alkane vapour over a hot powered aluminium oxide catalyst (catalytic cracking)
- by mixing the alkane vapour with steam (steam cracking) before heating to a very high temperature
34
Where would cracking take place
In industry, it would take place in a cracking unit connected to a fractional distillation column
35
What happens if a oil company needed smaller molecules in cracking?
It can switch on a unit and convert the lubricating and heavy gas oil into smaller molecules
36
What is a functional group?
A atom or atoms that are responsible for most of the chemical reactions of an organic compound
37
What is hydrogenation?
When hydrogen is added to an unsaturated alkene a saturated alkane is made - reacts with double bonded carbons to open up the bond
38
What are alkenes said to be in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?
Unsaturated as theyre not full up with hydrogen atoms there is space to add more at the C-C double bond
39
What does hydrogenation occur at?
At 150 degrees with a nickel catalyst
40
How can oxgyen react with alkenes?
They react with oxygen in combustions like alkanes however we don't usually combust alkenes, as they burn in air with smoky yellow flames due to incomplete combustion
41
What two reasons explain why we dont combust alkenes?
1) . Alkenes burn with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion and soot is made
2) . They are more useful as starting materials for making polymers, alcohols, medicines etc
42
How do alkenes react with halogens?
They react by addition reactions - the halogen atoms are added across the unsaturated c=c double bond to make c-c single bonds
43
How do alkenes react with steam?
when they react with steam, water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed.
-
44
What is needed for a hydration reaction?
High temperatures and pressures as well as a concentreated phosphoric acid catalyst
45
What is the formala of propene, what reactants and conditions are needed, and what is the formula of the product?
- C3H5
- H2 gas
- nickel catalyst, 150 degrees
- C3H8
46
What is the formala of propene , what reactants and conditions are needed, and what is the formula of the product?
***
47
What is the formala of ethene, what reactants and conditions are needed, and what is the formula of the product?
- C2H4
- H2O gas
- high temps, high pressure, concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst
- C2H6O
48
Wha functional group do alcohols have? What do they differ by?
functional group is O-H and differs by a CH2
49
What happens when alcohols react with water?
They are soluble in water, and form solutions with a neutral pH
50
What happens when alcohols burn with oxygen?
They produce CO2 and H2O in complete combustion
| - they are flammable
51
What happens when alcohols undergo mild oxidation?
Alcohol molecules are blasted apart vigorously to form CO2 and H2O. However a mild oxidising agent will gently add oxygen or remove hydrogen from a molecule without breaking it apart
52
What happens when alcohols are oxidised?
They produce carboxylic acids eg when wine is oxidised to make vinegar
53
What happens when sodium reacts with alcohols?
It reacts similarly to when sodium reacts with water producing hydrogen gas and a basic solution
54
What alcohols very good use in?
First four alcohols are used as fuels, methanol and ethanol used as solvents in industry as they can dissolve in most things that water can
55
What is ethanol and where is it used?
Its the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks. grapes make wine, apples to male coder, and malted barley to make beer
56
What happens in alcoholic drinks? What is it called
The sugars present jn the juices of the plant material are converted by yeast into ethanol and CO2 -> fermentation
57
What are carboxylic acids?
Have the functional group COOH, they follow the homologous series where each memeber differes from its neighbour by a CH2 unit, their names end in anoic acid
58
What are the structural formula of methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanic acid?
Methanoic acid - HCOOH
Ethanoic acid - CH3COOH
Propanoic acid - CH3CH2COOH
Butanic acid - CH3CH2CH2COOH
59
What happens when carboxylic acids undergoes a reaction with water?
They undergo dissociation or ionisation
60
What is the dissociation process also called? What happens?
Also called ionisation.
- it results in the production of aqueous H+ ions, making the solution acidic. However as it is only partial, only some H+ ions are made at any 1 time, and the acid solution is weak with a pH 4 so carboxylic acids are weak acids
61
What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
As they're acids they will react with any compound containing carbonate to form a salt, CO2 and water
- salts formed will end in -anoate
62
What happens with carboxylic acids react with alcohols?
They can be reacted together if a small amount of concentrated H2SO4 is present to act as a catalyst. A molcules of water is removed from the carboxylic acid and alcohol & the remaining fragments are combined together
63
What is the concentrated H2SO4 able to do in reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols?
It is able to catalyse the reacrion as it absorbs water strongly, encouraging the reaction to proceed. The products formed are esters and contain the ester functional group.
64
What is a polymer?
A long molecule that has been made from smaller pieces called monomers that join to form polymers
65
What types of polymers do alkenes, alcohol and carboxylic acid combinations, amino acids and nucleotides make?
1) . Alkenes- addition polymer
2) . Alcohol and carboxylic acidd combinations - (manufactured) condensation polymer
3) . Amino acids - proteins
4) . Nucleotides - DNA
66
What two types of polymers can polymers be?
Synthesised (made) in industry to produce objects we see around us, or biological polymers such as DNA or proteins which are in living cells
67
What are the products of addition polymerisation?
A polymer and a small molecule
68
What happens in each case of additon polymerisation?
The repeating unit has the same number of atoms as the monomers as no other molecule is formed in the reaction.
69
What is condensation polymerisation?
involves either:
- two monomer types each containing two of the same functional groups
- one monomer type with two different functional groups
70
What is a polyester?
Made from many dicarboxylic acid monomers reacting with many dialochol monomers (di->two)
71
What happens to form the name polyester?
The ester functional group is formed over and over again
72
What is an amino acid?
They are naturally ocurring molecules essential for life. They are monomers that have a functional group at the end of the molecule expect its either COOH or NH2.
73
What are four of them?
Glycine, alanine, phenyalanine, asparagine
74
What is glycine?
The simplest amino acid ans can be polymerised to form polyglycine
75
What is formed when many amino acids form together?
A polypeptide
76
What can different proteins be made from?
Different combinations of amino acids into the same polypeptide chain, allowing a huge variety of different proteins & enzymes to be made from a small number
77
What is DNA?
A large molcule that encodes genetic instructions for the development of all livinf organisms and viruses
78
What is DNA responsible for?
Decoding which amino acids are joined together and in what order, to form the proteins ane enzymes that decide what happens in a living cells
79
What is DNA made up of?
two polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides, that each contain a base
80
What the structure of DNA?
phosphate, sugar functional groups and organic base.
| The phosphate and sugar functional groups polymerise in duplicate with these bases also bonding to each other
81
What happens when DNA becomes so long?
When the two chains/strands are so long they wrap around each other in a shape called a Double Helix
82
What other things are naturally occurring polymers?
Starch and cellulose, they are made from glucose monomer units
83
What happens when links form?
If the links are in a line its starch, if they're diagonal its cellulose
84
What are starch and cellulose used in?
Starch - used by cells as a food store, potatoes, wheat etc
| Cellulose - makes the cell wall of plants and give green plants their rigid structure and ability to grow upright
85
What are the uses of addition polymer, condensation polymer, proteins and DNA?
1) . Addition polymer - plastic bags, carpets, crates, plastic chairs
2) Condensation polymerisation - nylon&polyester clothing, fishing line
3) . Amino acids - enzymes, muscles, growth and repair of living things
4) DNA - defines the characteristics of living things
86
What is an ester?
Formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, an acid catalyst is usually used
- alcohol + carboxylic acid -> (acid catalyst) ester + water
87
What is polymerisation?
When monomers join to form polymers, usually at high presumably and a catalyst is used
88
What is addition polymerisation?
When lots of unsaturated (alkenes) can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains.
89
what conditions are needed for fermentation?
happens fastest at 37 degrees, in a slightly acidic condition under anaerobic conditions
90
what functional group do esters have?
- COO
- alcohol + carboxylic acid -> (acid catalyst) ester + water
- eg ethyl ethanoate is made from ethanoic acid and ethanol with an acid catalyst
91
how do amino acids react?
they form polymers known as polypeptides via condensation polymerisation, the amino group can react with the acid of another to form a polymer chain where a molecule of water is lost
92
what are sugars?
they are small molecules that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
- sugars can react together through polymerisation reactions to form larger carbohydrate polymers eg starch and cellulose
