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Chemistry > Booklet 10 - Earths Resources > Flashcards

Booklet 10 - Earths Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What do humans use the earths resources for?

A

To provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

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2
Q

What do natural resources supply?

A

Natural resources supplemented by agriculture, provide food, timber clothing and fuels

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3
Q

Where are finite resources from? And what do they provide?

A

Finite resources are from the earth, oceans and atmosphere they’re processed to provide energy and materials

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4
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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5
Q

What does chemistry play an important role in?

A

In improving agricultural amd industrial processes to provide new products and in sustainable development

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6
Q

How can ethanol be replaced as it is being used up?

A

Polymers are usually made from alkenes, ethanol crops can be converted to ethene and used to make polymers, the crops can be replanted

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7
Q

How are wood chips be replaced as they’re being used up?

A

Fossil fuels are used in power stations to make electricity, however wood chip from trees can be used instead, and the trees replanted

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8
Q

What of what quality is needed for life?

A

Water of appropriate quality is essential for life

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9
Q

What should drinking water have?

A

They should have sufficiently low amounts of dissolved salts and microbes

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10
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

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11
Q

Why is potable water not pure?

A

In the chemical sense it isnt pure as it contains dissolved substances

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12
Q

What do methods to produce potable water depend on?

A

Available supplies of water and local conditions

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13
Q

In the uk, what does rain provide?

A

Provides water with low levels of dissolved water (fresh water) that collects in the ground and in lakes and rivers,

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14
Q

How is most potable water produced?

A

1) . Choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
2) . Passing the water through filter beds to filtrate any solid bits out
3) . Water is sterilised to kill any microbes and bacteria which can be done by bubbling chlorine gas through it or using ozone or ultraviolet light

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15
Q

What two things can you do if supplies of freshwater are low?

A

Desalination of salty water or sea water may be required

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16
Q

How can desalination be done?

A

1) . Distilation - seawater is heated until it boils, water molecules turn to steam leaving salt behind. Vapour is cooled and condensed
2) . Reverse osmosis - seawater is passed through a semipermeable membrane under pressure, water molecules pass through but dissolved substances don’t

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17
Q

What do urban lifestyle and industrial processes produce?

A

Large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment

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18
Q

What do sewage and agricultural waste water require?

A

Removal of organic matter and harmful microbes

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19
Q

What does industrial waste water require?

A

Removal of organic matter and harmful microbes

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20
Q

What is the process of sewage treatment?

A

1) . Sewage is screened to remove any large bits of material and grit
2) . It undergoes sedimentation- heavier suspended solids sink to the bottem to make sludge while lighter effluent floats on the top
3) . Sludge from the bottme is removed and transferred into larger tanks where its broken down by bacteria in anaerobic digestion
4) . Effluent in the tank is removed and treated by aerobic biological treatment

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21
Q

What is the order of relative ease of obtaining potable water?

A

1) . Rainwater collection in lakes and reservoirs
2) . Desalination by distillation or reverse osmosis
3) . Waste water treatment

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22
Q

What type of the Earth’s materials are becoming limited?

A

Metal ores

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23
Q

What are copper ores?

A

They are becoming scarce and new ways of extracting copper low-grade ores

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24
Q

What do phytomining and bioleaching methods do?

A

They avoid traditional methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

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25
What is phytomining?
Uses plants to absorb metal compounds eg copper. The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds
26
What can the metak compounds be processed to obtain?
The metal - rg copper can be obtained from solutions of copper compounds by displacement using scrap ion or by electrolysis
27
What is a life cycle assessment?
They are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products
28
What are the four stages in LCA?
1) . Extracting and processing raw materials- requires lots of energy 2) . Manufacturing and packaging - lots of energy needed 3) . Uses and operation during its lifetime - uses can damage environment 4) . Disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage
29
What can be easily quantified in LCA's?
Use of water, energy sources, resources and production of some wastes
30
Why are LCA's not purely objective processes?
Allocating numerical values to pollutant gases is less straightforward and requires value judgment
31
What can be devised instead of LCA's to evaluate a product?
Selective or abbreviated LCA's | - but they can be misused to reach predetermined conclusions, eg in support of claims for advertising purposes
32
What does the reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end user reduce?
- reduces the use of limited resources - uses of energy stores - waste - environmental impact
33
What products are produced from raw materials?
Metals, gloss, building materials, clay ceramics and most plastics. Most of the energy for the process comes from limited resources
34
What does obtaining raw materials risks from the earth require?
Quarrying and mining which take lots of energy and cause environmental impacts
35
How can glass bottles be reused?
They can be crushed and melted to make different glass products. - other products cannot be reused and so are recycled for a different use
36
How can metals be recycled?
By melting and recasting or reforming into different products
37
What does the amount of separation depend on?
On the material and the properties required of the final product
38
Give an example of metal that gets recycled?
Some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore
39
What is corrosion?
The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
40
What is rusting? What is the equation?
A type of corrosion, and air and water are necessary for iron to rust - iron + oxygen + water -> hydrated iron (III) (rust)
41
How can corrosion be prevented?
1) . Painting/coating with plastic - for small and large structures 2) . Electroplating - uses electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode 3) . Oiling/greasing - when moving parts are involved
42
What does aluminiom have for corrosion?
An oxide coating that protects the metal from futher corrosion
43
Why is zinc used to galvanise iron?
It acts as a barrier and the reactivity of the zinc offers sacrificial protection
44
What is sacrficial protection?
Involves joining the metal you want to protect to a more reactive metal eg zinc or magnesium which corrodes instead. - these more reactive metals can be replaced periodically
45
What are most metalas in everyday use?
Alloys
46
What is bronze an alloy of?
Copper and tin
47
What is brass an alloy of?
Copper and zinc
48
Why are alloys harder than pure metals?
They no longer have layers that are able to slide over each other
49
What is bronze for?
For statues and ornaments, as well as a decorative appearance also bery tough and resistant to corrosion
50
What is gold?
Used as jewellery and usually an alloy of silver, copper and zinc
51
What is proportion of gold in the alloy measures in?
In carats, 24 carats is 100% pure gold and 18 carat is 75% gold
52
What are steeps alloys of?
Iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals
53
What is high carbon and low carbon steel?
- high carbon steel is strong but brittle | - low carbon steel is softer and more easily shaped
54
What is formed when chromium and nickel are added to steel?
Stainless steels are made, they are hard and resistant to corrosion
55
What density do aluminium alloys have?
A low density which makes them useful for making aircraft
56
What is soda lime glass?
Made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone
57
What is borosilicate glass?
Made from sand and boron trioxide, it melts at higher temperatures than soda like glass
58
How are clay cermaics eg bricks and pottery made?
By shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace
59
What is low density (LD) and high density (HD) poly(ethene) made from?
Ethene
60
How is low density poly(ethene)?
From ethene at 200 degrees, 200atm with a oxygen catalyst, (moderate temp and high pressures) - flexible and used in bags
61
How is high density (HD) poly(ethene) made?
Made from ethene at 60 degrees, 2atm, with a ziegla-netta catalyst, (lower temperature and pressure). - its rigid and used for water pipes
62
What do thermosoftening polymers contain?
Contain individual, tangled polymer chains held by weak intermolecular forces between the chains. You can melt these plastics and remould them
63
What do thermosetting polymers contain?
Contain monomers that form strong, covalent, cross links between polymer chains; holding it in a solid structure. - These polymers dont soften when heated, they're strong and rigid.
64
What does fibreglass consist of?
Fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer (plastic), has a low density but is strong. Used in boats and storage tanks
65
What does concrete consist of?
Made from aggregate (sand & gravel) embedded in cement. Its strong and used in building materials
66
What does wood consist of?
Its a natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by and organic polymer matrix
67
What is the haber process? Whats the equation?
Used to manufacture ammonia which can be used to produce nitrogen based fertilisers. - n2 (g) + 3H2 (g) -> 2NH3 (g) +(heat)
68
How is the nitrogen in the haber process obtained?
From the fractional distillation of liquid air
69
How is the hyrdogen in the haber process obtained?
From reacting natural gas and steam
70
How is ammonia made?
The purified gases are passed over a catalyst of iron at a high temperatures 450 degrees, and a high pressure 200 atm. Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia
71
What type of reaction is the haber process?
A reversible reaction, so some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen
72
What happens as the ammonia has cools?
As it cools in the condenser is liquefies and is removed. The remaining hyrdogen and nitrogen are recycled
73
What compounds are used in agriculture to improve agricultural productivity?
Nitrogen,N, phosphorus, P and potassium, K
74
What are NPK fertilisers?
Contain compounds of all three elements (N, P and K)
75
How can industrial production of NPK fertilisers be achieved?
Using a variety of raw materials in several integrated processes.
76
What are NPK fertilisers formulations of?
Various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements
77
What does ammonia create when it reacts with oxygen and water?
Nitirc acid
78
How do we get ammonium salts?
When ammonia reacts with acids, including nitric acid
79
How are phosphate rock, potassium chloride and potassium sulfate obtained?
By mining but phosphate rock cannot be used directly as a fertiliser, as the salts in the rock are insoluble
80
What does the reaction of phosphate rock and nitrc acid produce?
Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
81
What does the reaction of phosphate rock and sulfuric acid produce?
Produces calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate
82
What does the reaction of phosphate rock and phosphoric acid produce?
Produces calcium phosphate
83
What is the laboratory method of making fertilisers?
1). reaction carried out on a much smaller scale by titration and crystallisation 2). The reactants are at a much lower concentration 3). Less hear produced by reaction, so its safer for a person to carry our 4). After titration, mixture is then crystallised to give pure ammonium nitrate crystals -> (crystallisation isnt used in industry as its too slow)
84
What the industrial method of making fertilisers?
1) . Reaction carried out in giant vats on a larger tonnes scale 2) . Reactants used are high concentration 3) . Heat made is highly exothermic reaction 4) . Heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixture to make a concentrated ammonium nitrate product
85
what is bioleaching?
bacteria is used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds, separating the copper from the ore. the leachate contains copper ions which can be extracted
86
what does recycling metals do?
uses much less energy than is needed to mine and extract new metal, conserves the finite amount of each metal in the earth and cuts down the amount of waste getting sent to landfill
87
compare the raw materials of a paper and plastic bag?
plastic: - crude oil paper: - timber
88
compare the manufacturing and packaging of a paper and plastic bag?
plastic: - compounds needed are extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation, followed by cracking and then polymerisation. waste is reduced as the other fractions of crude oil have other paper: - pulped timber is processed using lots of energy. lots of waste made
89
compare the use of plastic and paper bags?
plastic: - can be reused, things such as shopping eg bin liner paper: - usually only used once
90
compare the product disposal of plastic and paper bags?
plastic: - recyclable but not biodegradable and takes up space in landfill paper: - biodegradable, non toxic and can be replaced
91
what is carbon fibre made of?
these composites have a polymer matrix, the reinforcements are either made from long chains of carbon atoms bonded together (carbon fibres) or carbon nanotubes. they are strong and light and are used in aerospace
92
what is a dynamic reaction?
because the reaction is reversible, some of the ammonia produced converts back into hydrogen and nitrogen, it reaches a dynamic equilibrium
93
what happens to the yield in the haber process when we increase the temperature?
the forward reaction is exothermic, so by increasing the temp it will move the equilibrium the wrong way, so the yield of ammonia would be greater at lower temps
94
what does a higher pressure do to the equilibrium?
it moves the position towards the products, so increasing the pressure maximises the % yield

Chemistry (12 decks)

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