Booklet 7

Question 1

Afghanistan

Answer 1

the soviet union invaded afghanistan in 1979 to support a pro-soviet regime and gain a friend. In response, the CIA equipped Afghnaisytan resistance fighters with rifles from WWI and other weapons which cost the US $5 mil a year. Over time, certain Americans belived enough money and planning could actually defeat the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. In 1989, the Soviet Union left afghanistan and left behind their allies, the Afghan army to fight. this was a proxy war.

Question 2

alignment

Answer 2

an alliance or agreement. during the Cold War, some countries aligned themselves with either the Us or Soviet Union to gain political, economic, and security benefits.

Question 3

arms race

Answer 3

A competition between two or more states to have the best armed forces. (US and USSR). each power develops more and better weapons to outdo the other.

Question 4

balance of power

Answer 4

A balance of power is a state of stability between competing forces. In international relations, it refers to equilibrium among countries or alliances to prevent any one entity from becoming too strong and, thus, gaining the ability to enforce its will upon the rest. Ex, NATO vs Warsaw Pact

Question 5

berlin blockade

Answer 5

one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control. In response, supplies were airlifted.

Question 6

berlin wall

Answer 6

a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic

Question 7

brinkmanship

Answer 7

a power pushes a conflict to the brink (that is, the edge), without negotiations, until the opposing power gives in. (like the cuban missile crisis)

Question 8

collective security

Answer 8

the cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen the security of each.

Question 9

containment

Answer 9

the action or policy of preventing the expansion of a hostile country or influence.

Question 10

fidel castro

Answer 10

a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba

Question 11

cuban missile crisis

Answer 11

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. khruschev wanted to place missiles in cuba.

Question 12

winston churchill

Answer 12

Coined the term iron curtain through a speech, 1946.

Question 13

detente

Answer 13

a period of the cold war during which the major powers tried to lessen the tensions between them through diplomacy, arm talks and reductions, and cultural exchanges (ex. partial test ban treaty, SALT, helsinki). ended by the ussr when they invaded afghanistan.

Question 14

deterrence

Answer 14

the Cold War foreign policy of both major powers aiming to deter the strategic advances of the other through arms development and arms build up. Deterrence depends on each combatant creating the perception that each is willing to resort to military confrontation. build up defences to counter another power.

Question 15

dollar imperialism

Answer 15

a Cold War term of the Soviet Union that believed the Marshall Plan was being used by the United States to create a sphere of influence in Western Europe after World War II

Question 16

domino theory

Answer 16

the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall. An American worry that communism will take over the world. (the opposite happens actually as many communsit nations fall with no resistance from moscow)

Question 17

espionage

Answer 17

the practice of spying or of using spies, especially to obtain secret information.

Question 18

expansionism

Answer 18

a country’s foreign policy of acquiring additional territory through the violation of another country’s sovereignty for reasons of defence, resources, markets, national pride, or perceived racial superiority

Question 19

Glasnost

Answer 19

(in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

Question 20

Mikhail Gorbachev

Answer 20

a Russian and former Soviet politician in 1985. had a reputation for change. came up with glasnost (openness), and perestroika (restructuring). allowed for small businesses that would be independent (a bit of capitalism). didn’t really work, consumer goods unavialable, people not happy. refused free market econonomy. was forced out by a number of different groups. met resistance with yeltsin.

Question 21

iron curtain

Answer 21

the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union

Question 22

Hungarian Revolution

Answer 22

a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People’s Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. Though leaderless when it first began, it was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR’s forces drove Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II.

Question 23

John F. Kennedy*

Answer 23

an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States

Question 24

Korean War

Answer 24

a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. a proxy war.

Question 25

Nikita Khrushchev*

Answer 25

a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War

Question 26

liberation movements

Answer 26

military and political struggles of people for independence from countries that have been colonized or otherwise oppressed them

Question 27

Marshall Plan

Answer 27

A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II. President Truman. rejected by the soviet satellite states.

Question 28

McCarthyism

Answer 28

an anti-communist movement in the United States during the I 950s, led by Republican senator Joseph McCarthy. It was intended to uncover those with perceived ties to communism within the US government, universities, and entertainment industries

Question 29

red scare

Answer 29

an intense fear of communism that overcame the majority of the American population during and after WWII influencing everything from movies and television to national security

Question 30

mutually assured destruction (MAD)

Answer 30

a situation that would result from an unwinnable nuclear war. MAD ideally deters each side from entering into direct conflict

Question 31

NATO

Answer 31

an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.

Question 32

non-alignment

Answer 32

the position taken during the Cold War by those countries in the United Nations that did not form an alliance with either the United States or the Soviet Union. This group of countries became a third voting bloc within the UN and pushed for more aid for the developing world.

Question 33

Perestroika

Answer 33

a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning “openness”) policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is “restructuring”, referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

Question 34

potsdam conference*

Answer 34

The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, represented by Stalin, Churchill and President Harry S. Truman.

Question 35

prestige race

Answer 35

competition between powers can be played out in non-military ways (like in sports or achievments)

Question 36

proxy war

Answer 36

conflicts in which one superpower provides support to a group or state that opposes the rival superpower. The support may consist of money, arms, and personnel. suprepowers supports a side of a hot war without being in direct conflict.

Question 37

SALT I & II

Answer 37

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of arms control.

Question 38

space race

Answer 38

refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. each power competes to be the first to achieve things in space.

Question 39

sphere of influence

Answer 39

the territories and countries over which a powerful country dominates

Question 40

stalin

Answer 40

a Georgian-born Soviet revolutionary and political leader. Governed the Soviet Union as its dictator from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953

Question 41

summit

Answer 41

a meeting between heads of government

Question 42

superpower

Answer 42

a state that has great power and influence. the term was used to describe the United States and the Soviet Union because of their great influence and economic and military strengths.

Question 43

truman doctrine

Answer 43

the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.

Question 44

vietnam war

Answer 44

Officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war.

Question 45

warsaw pact

Answer 45

a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO.

Question 46

yalta conference

Answer 46

the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Germany and Europe’s postwar reorganization. The three states were represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively. 1945 (right before the end of WWII). redraw europe and divide germany. planned their remaining war time actions.

Question 47

Boris Yeltsin

Answer 47

was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation (democratically elected), serving from 1991 to 1999. resisted gorbachev. wanted revolutionary change.

Question 48

cold war

Answer 48

the political, economic, and social struggle between the Soviet Union and its allies, and the United States and its allies, conducted using propaganda, economic measures, and espionage rather than military means

Question 49

defence systems

Answer 49

each power develops ways to defend against military attacks so as to reduce the challenge of the other power.

Question 50

proletarian internationalism

Answer 50

what Stalin aimed for, worldwide communism

Question 51

what country voluntarily allied itself with the USSR after WWII?

Answer 51

Albania

Question 52

molotov plan

Answer 52

response to the marshall plan by the soviets in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union.