booklet 6 Flashcards
Who used symbolic annihilation to describe the way women are represented in the media. They argue that women’s achievements are often not reported, trivialised (downplayed) ?
Tuchman Et Al
Who argues that women are mainly represented in the media as busy housewives, contented mothers, eager consumers and sex objects, despite the fact that two thirds of women in the UK are in paid work ?
Tunstall
Who carried out a content analysis study of womens’ magazines between 1949 and 1980 and found that such magazines are organised around ‘a cult of femininity’, which promotes an ideal where excellence is achieved through caring for others, the family, marriage and appearance ?
Ferguson
Who argues that advertising and the tabloid press focus on women’s appearance and reduce them to sex objects for the benefit of the ‘male gaze’ - where the camera ‘eyes up’ women for the benefit of heterosexual male audiences?
Mulvey
Who argues that the main message aimed at women in the media is that their body is a project in constant need of improvement?
Wolf
Who highlights how women in the music industry are sexually objectified – she observes that young girls observing the music industry learn that women are required to “bare as much skin as possible” when singing, while men can remain fully clothed ?
Bates
Who argues media focus on female weight, body size and dieting creates anxieties in young girls about body image and identity?
Orbach
Who argues women mags have more than 10 times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men’s?
Tebbel
Who argue that different types of ‘discourse’ are used when talking about women in sport. Men are described as ‘gutsy’ and ‘aggressive’ whereas women are referred to as ‘vulnerable’ and ‘fatigued’ and ‘girls’?
Duncan and Messer
What movement gave women a positive representation in the media ?
METOO
Who argues the media rarely focus on men’s marital and domestic roles or blame them for the conduct of their children, in the way that single and working mothers are blamed ?
Turnstall
Who argues a range of media transmits the idea that masculinity is based on aggression and competition. This is know as the ‘masculine myth’ – an unobtainable image men strive to have is being a ‘hero’ as being part of their male identity ?
Easthope
Who analysed a wide variety of media and found that media representations of men and boys were often negative?
McNamara
Who argues a new, more sensitive masculinity is portrayed in men’s magazines e.g. GQ or Men’s Health. Men are encouraged to express emotion, care about appearance and see fatherhood as a meaningful experience. Women are seen as equals ? A03
Gauntlett
Who argues men are rarely presented as sex objects the same way that females are?
Turnstall
Who found that men are frequently depicted as violent, angry, and dominant, reinforcing traditional ideas of masculinity ?
Children now 1999
Who also argues that a more sensitive form of masculinity is emerging, particularly in men’s magazines, where men are encouraged to express emotions, care about their appearance, and embrace fatherhood as a meaningful experience?
Gauntlett
Who argues that stereotypical representations are camp, macho and deviant ?
Craig 1992
Who describes newsrooms as off-putting for females and dominated by a ‘bloke culture’.
Mills
Who argues the media deliberately dupe women into the ‘beauty myth’ – the idea they should adhere to a particular ideal in terms of look, sexiness, shape, weight and size?
Wolf
Who argues the media is a force for change because they encourage a diversity of masculine and feminine identities, such as now representing powerful ‘girl power’ icons and a greater focus on men’s emotions.
Gauntlett
Who defines the cult of femininity as the idea that magazines promote traditional female roles such as caring for others, marriage, family and appearance?
Ferguson
Who argues, therefore, most media constructs gay characters with heterosexual audiences in mind?
Gill
What research showed of 126 hours of TV programmes aimed at young people, only 5 hours were focused on LGBT characters or issues, and only 45 mins was realistic or positive?
Stonewall 2011
