Booklet 4 : History Of Health Flashcards
Who did St Mary’s Hospital send to study infections in wounded soldiers during WWI?
Alexander Fleming
What germ caused septicaemia infections?
Staphylococci
How did Fleming discover penicillin in 1928?
By chance. Mould formed in one of his petri dishes whicle he was on holiday. It had killed the germ inside.
What test did Fleming fail to do which would have proved useful?
He failed to inject penicillin into the blood stream.
Who developed the work of Fleming?
Florey and Chain who started to experiment on mice and humans in 1941.
Who did Florey and Chain first experiment on?
A policeman who had an infection from a rose. After initial improvement he died as there wasn’t enough antobiotic available.
How did war affect penicillin?
War sped up production due to large injury rates.
Describe penicillin use during World War Two?
In 1943 1,000 soldiers were helped but by 1945 250,000
What percentage of soldiers would have died without penicillin during WWII?
15 percent
How did the government help with penicillin production after WWII?
There was a huge sponsored programme to produce the wonder drug and it was used to treat diseases such as bronchitis wounds, abscesses and tonsillitis.
Name three other antibiotics produced after penicillin?
Streptomycin for treating TB, Tetracyline for skin infections and Mitomycin used against cancer.
Which drug for sleeping resulted in the birth of babies with porly formed limbs?
Thalidomide
Name two antibiotic resistant superbugs?
MRSA and Norovirus
When was the first open heart surgery performed?
1950
When was the first open heart surgery performed?
1950
When was the first kidney transplant in the UK?
1960
When was the first hip replacement performed in Britain?
1972
When were MRI scans first used?
1987
When was the first full face transplant?
2008
List 4 examples of alternative medicine.
Hydrotherapy, aromatheraphy, hypnotherapy, acupuncture
During World War One, what did CCS stand for?
Casualty Clearing Stations
List 4 technological improvements in medicine during World War One?
Mobile xray units, blood transfusions, skin grafts, the Thomas splint
How many men suffered from shell shock during World War One?
80,000
Who developed the talking cure for shellshock?
William Rivers
Who developed new techniques in skin grafts?
Harold Gillies
In what year were different blood groups discovered?
1901
When anticoagulant was added to blood and how long would it last?
28 days
During World War Two, how many blood doners were used?
700,000
What was known as the Spanish Lady?
The influenza pandemic 1918 to 1919
How many people died in the flu pandemic 1918 to 1919?
20-40 million (mostly 20-40 year olds)
How many people died from the 1918 flu pandemic in the UK?
280,000
What was the name of the world’s first test tube baby?
Louise Brown
What type of surgery allows you to rejoin nerves and blood vessels?
Micro surgery
In what year was DNA discovered?
1953
What scans allow surgeons to see inside the body?
CAT scans and MRI scans
Which war highlighted the poor health British workers?
Boer War
Name two social investigators who highlighted the problems of poverty?
Rowntree and Booth
Which political party was elected in 1906 promising social reform?
Liberal Party
What reform did the Liberals introduce to improve children’s health?
Free School Meals 1906, School medical inspections 1907, Children’s Act 1908 and School Clinics 1912
Which Liberal reform helped sick workers avoid starvation?
National Insurance Act Part 1 1911
Which Liberal reform helped the elderly?
Pensions Act 1909
Who wrote a report about the state of Britain during World War Two?
Sir William Beveridge 1942
How many copies of the Beveridge Report were sold in the first month?
100,000
What did Beveridge say were the 5 giants of poverty?
Disease, want or need, ignorance, idleness and squalor or poor living conditions
When was the National Health Service or NHS set up?
4th July, 1948
How many new towns were built by 1948 and how many council homes build per year?
12 new towns and 280,000 council homes per year
Before the NHS, how many people had never seen a doctor?
8 million
How has life expectancy changed for men and women since 1948?
Women from 66 to 83 and men from 64 to 79
When were charges first introduced for the NHS?
1952 charges for glasses introduced, prescriptions cost 1 shilling and dental treatment cost 1 pound
In December 1952, how many people were affected by the killer smog?
12,000 people died and 100,000 were taken ill
When did the government pass the Clean Air Acts?
1956 and 1968 which tried to reduce the number of coal fires
When was smoking in public places banned and smoking in cars with a child passenger?
2007 public places and 2015 in cars with a child passenger
By 2014, how many people had died from AIDS?
40 million
How many in people in Britain currently have AIDS?
100,000
Why was smallpox so feared by the public?
Left people blind and scarred
What did people think caused smallpox?
miasma
What practice/idea did Lady Mary Montagu bring back from a holiday in Istanbul in 1792?
innoculation
Who invented vaccination?
Edward Jenner
What two word French term best sums up government attitudes in 19th Century?
Laissez faire
What did Louis Pasteur prove?
Germ Theory
When did Louis Pasteur publish his theory?
1861
Who developed the idea of ‘magic bullets’?
Paul Ehrlich
Give 2 reasons why rapid urbanisation caused disease?
poor housing, cellar living,overcrowding, no access to clean water, no sewage systems
When was the first cholera epidemic in Britain?
1831-32
Who published a Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population in 1842?
Edwin Chadwick
Why was the first Public Health Act not good enough?
Because it was note enforced/compulsory
When was the first Public Health Act passed?
1848
When was the second Public Health Act passed?
1875
How did Florence Nightingale help the medical profession?
By improving the hygiene in hospitals and making nursing professional
What body was set up in 1858 to oversee the medical profession as a result of scandals?
General Medical Council
What does the word anaesthetic mean?
Pain relief
Why did some surgeons believe that pain relief was not necessary during operations?
They wanted the patients appreciate the work that the surgeon did/religious arguments
What did James Simpson try out on his friends?
Chloroform
What was the problem with nitrous oxide?
Difficult to get the dose right
Why did the invention of anaesthetics cause more people to die on the operating table?
Because surgeons did more risky operations going deep into the body which increased the
risk of infection
What acid did Joseph Lister use in the operating room?
Carbolic
How did John Snow prove his theories about the spread of cholera?
Mapped the location of each death in his area, worked out that the water pump in Broad Street was the cause
How did John Snow prevent further cholera deaths in his area?
Persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump so no water could be drawn
Give 2 reasons why public health was difficult to achieve in the earlier 19th Century?
Because people didn’t want to pay higher taxes, because the government didn’t want to get involved, because people believed that it was each person’s responsibility
Why was the second Public Health Act better than the first?
local council were forced to provide clean water, appoint medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors, cover sewers, keep sewers in good condition, collect rubbish, provide street lighting
What was the ‘Great Stink’?
Dry weather combined with raw sewage created unbearable smell in London
