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History > Booklet 3 : History Of Health > Flashcards

Booklet 3 : History Of Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is smallpox?

A

A contagious disease caused by the variola virus

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2
Q

When did the World Health Organisibation declare smallpox eradicated?

A

1980

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3
Q

What percentage of people died who caught smallpox?

A

Between 30-60 percent

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4
Q

Why was smallpox so feared by the public?

A

Because it left people blind and scarred

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5
Q

Which queen died of smallpox in 1694?

A

Queen Mary

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6
Q

What did people think caused smallpox?

A

Miasma or bad air

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7
Q

Who invented vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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8
Q

What practice/idea did Lady Mary Montagu bring back from a holiday in Istanbul in 1792?

A

innoculation

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9
Q

What process does this describe: the introduction of a weakened version of a pathogen, so that the immune response is triggered and the body is prepared to fight the actual pathogen if necessary

A

Vaccination

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10
Q

In what year was a cure for smallpox found?

A

1798

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11
Q

When did the government make the eradication of smallpox a priority?

A

1853

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12
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1801?

A

16 million

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13
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1901?

A

41 million

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14
Q

What revolution changed the way people lived between the years 1750-1900?

A

The Industrial Revolution

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15
Q

What two word French term best sums up government attitudes in 19th Century?

A

laissez faire’

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16
Q

What did Louis Pasteur prove?

A

The Germ Theory

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17
Q

When did Louis Pasteur published his theory?

A

1861

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18
Q

What was important about Pasteurs work?

A

the idea that disease is spread by tiny organisms he called germs

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19
Q

What disease occurred in Lincoln in 1905?

A

Thyphoid

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20
Q

Why was there an epidemic in Lincoln in 1905?

A

bad water supply, governing body did things on the cheap, raw sewage in the water, increasing population

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21
Q

What diseases did Robert Koch work on? Name two

A

Diptheria, Anthrax, TB, Cholera

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22
Q

Who developed the idea of ‘magic bullets’?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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23
Q

Give 2 reasons why rapid urbanisation caused disease?

A

poor housing, cellar living, overcrowding, no access to clean water, no sewage systems

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24
Q

What did the ‘magic bullet Salvarsan treat?

A

syphilis

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25
Q

When was the first cholera epidemic in Britain?

A

1831-32

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26
Q

Where did the first Cholera epidemic take place in Britain?

A

Sunderland

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27
Q

Who published a Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population in 1842?

A

Edwin Chadwick

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28
Q

Why was the first Public Health Act not good enough?

A

Because it was not enforced/compulsory

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29
Q

In what year was the first Public Health Act passed?

A

1848

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30
Q

In what year was the second Public Health Act passed?

A

1875

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31
Q

What percentage of volunteers (in some towns) for the Boer War were found to be unfit for service in 1899?

A

90%

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32
Q

In what decade did the the Crimean War occur?

A

1850s

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33
Q

How did Florence Nightingale help the medical profession?

A

By improving the hygiene in hospitals and making nursing professional

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34
Q

What is laudanum?

A

A common cure in 19th Century made from 90% alcohol and 10% opium

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35
Q

What great painkiller went on sale in 1899?

A

Asperin

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36
Q

What is the Lancet?

A

A medical journal

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37
Q

What body was set up in 1858 to oversee the medical profession as a result of scandals?

A

The General Medical Council

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38
Q

What was the mortality rate as a percentag from surgery in 1800?

A

40%

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39
Q

What twas the mortality rate as a percentage from surgery in 1900?

A

10%

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40
Q

Which female pioneer led the way for women to become doctors?

A

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

41
Q

What was unique about the New Hospital for Women and Children set up in 1872?

A

Staffed entirely by women

42
Q

Who were the ‘Edinburgh Seven’?

A

The 7 women who responded to Sophia Jex-Blake’s advert to join her to apply to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh

43
Q

What does the word anaesthetic mean?

A

Pain relief

44
Q

What does the word aseptic mean?

A

The practice of making sure there are no bacteria/source of infection

45
Q

What does the word antiseptic mean?

A

Something that stops the growth of bacteria/disease

46
Q

What is a bacillus?

A

A disease causing bacteria

47
Q

What does the word sterile mean?

A

Free from bacteria/infection, totally clean

48
Q

What is a cesspit?

A

A hole in the ground to dispose of waste (usually human)

49
Q

What does the word epidemic mean?

A

a sudden, widespread infectious disease

50
Q

What does the word immunisation mean?

A

The process of making a person or animal free from catching a particular disease or infection

51
Q

Why did some surgeons believe that pain relief was not necessary during operations?

A

They wanted the patients appreciate the work that the surgeon did/religious arguments

52
Q

Which inventor of a safety lamp for miners used nitrous oxide?

A

Humphrey Davy

53
Q

What was nitrous oxide used for?

A

Pain relief/anaesthetic

54
Q

What was the problem with nitrous oxide?

A

Difficult to get the dose right

55
Q

What other term is used to describe nitrous oxide?

A

Laughing gas

56
Q

What did James Simpson try out on his friends?

A

Chloroform

57
Q

What medical role did James Simpson do?

A

Obstetrician/delivered babies

58
Q

What other instrument did James Simpson invent?

A

Forceps

59
Q

Which queen helped publicise James Simpson’s invention?

A

Queen Victoria

60
Q

Why did the invention of anaesthetics cause more people to die on the operating table?

A

Because surgeons did more risky operations going deep into the body which increased the risk of infection

61
Q

What is gangrene?

A

A condition where body tissue dies caused by a loss of blood supply due to an underlying illness, injury, and/or infection.

62
Q

How did Ignaz Semmelweiss reduce the death rate at Vienna General Hospital in 1847?

A

He made doctors wash their hands in calcium chloride solution

63
Q

What acid did Joseph Lister use in the operating room?

A

Carbolic

64
Q

Why were Joseph Lister’s experiments unusual?

A

Experimented on frogs/cold blooded animals

65
Q

What other title does Joseph Lister have?

A

The ‘father of antiseptic surgery’

66
Q

What is ether?

A

Another anaesthetic used by William Morton in 1846

67
Q

What did Charles Chamberland invent in 1878 to help create an aseptic environment?

A

A seam steriliser for medical instruments heating at 140 degrees C for 20 minutes

68
Q

Why was the invention of rubber gloves important?

A

Helped to create an aseptic environment in surgery

69
Q

Where did most people get their water from in the 19th Century?

A

Street water pumps

70
Q

What percentage of children in Manchester died before their 5th birthday in the middle of 19th Century?

A

57%

71
Q

When was the ‘Great Stink’

A

1858

72
Q

How many people died in the first cholera epidemic?

A

50,000

73
Q

In what year was there another cholera epidemic?

A

1831-32, 1848, 1854

74
Q

Name 2 contagious diseases (other than cholera) of the 19th Century?

A

typhoid, typhus, diarrhoea, smallpox, tb, scarlet fever, whoopin cough, measles

75
Q

What was known as ‘the English disease’ and what was it?

A

rickets, crippling bone condition caused by calcium deficiency and lack of fresh air and sunlight

76
Q

Who did the ‘English disease’ mostly affect?

A

children

77
Q

Where in the world did cholera come from?

A

The East/India

78
Q

How did John Snow prove his theories about the spread of cholera?

A

Mapped the location of each death in his area, worked out that the water pump in Broad Street was the cause

79
Q

How did John Snow prevent further cholera deaths in his area?

A

Persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump so no water could be drawn

80
Q

What theory did John Snow disprove with his work?

A

Miasma theory

81
Q

Were John Snow’s theories readily accepted?

A

No

82
Q

Who was the author of the Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population?

A

Edwin Chadwick

83
Q

Give 2 reasons why public health was difficult to achieve in the earlier 19th Century?

A

Because people didn’t want to pay higher taxes, because the government didn’t want to get involved, because people believed that it was each person’s responsibility

84
Q

What did Thomas Barnardo set up to help poor children?

A

Ragged School’

85
Q

When did the government pass the Sanitary Act?

A

1866

86
Q

When did the government pass the Housing Act?

A

1875

87
Q

Why was the second Public Health Act better than the first?

A

local council were forced to provide clean water, appoint medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors, cover sewers, keep sewers in good condition, collect rubbish, provide street lighting

88
Q

When was an act introduced to regulated food and medicines?

A

1875

89
Q

How many people died from typhus in London in 1868?

A

716

90
Q

What was made cheaply available in the late 19th Century that allowed the public to keep themselves clean?

A

Pear’s soap

91
Q

What is effluent?

A

Liquid waste (human) descharged into a river or a sea

92
Q

What is a privy?

A

a public toilet

93
Q

What is a privy?

A

a public toilet

94
Q

Who was the monarch from 1837-1901?

A

Queen Victoria

95
Q

What was the average height of a male in 1875?

A

5ft 5in

96
Q

What is the average height of a male today?

A

5ft 10in

97
Q

What is the average age of death of a male today?

A

80

98
Q

What percentage of children are either overweight or obese today?

A

25%

99
Q

How did the factor of GOVERNMENT help in the development of medicine in 19th Century? Give 1 way.

A

Public Health Acts, other legislation, smallpox vaccinations, etc

History (10 decks)

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