Booklet 4 - Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy, 1861-70 Flashcards
How was France still posing a problem, even after Italy had been declared to be unified?
French troops were still in Rome and Napoleon would not withdraw them
At the September 1864 Convention, what condition did Napoleon agree to withdraw troops under?
If the Italian capital was switched from Rome to Florence
Who agreed to France’s terms given at the September 1864 Convention
The Italian Government lead by PM Minghetti
How did the Italian people react to the Italian capital
There was a riot in Turin, 23 people died
What happened to Minghetti after the capital was switched?
Minghetti was fired
How did Austria pose a threat to Italian unity, even after losing Lombardy?
Did not want to give up Venetia, and maintained a large army there.
What did Cavour do to try and weaken Austria?
Encourage Hungarian revolutionary leaders to start an uprising - it failed
How did Prussia weaken Austria’s power in 1862?
Prussia made a free trade treaty with France and excluded Austria
When and how did Cavour die?
June 1861 to Malaria
What was the succession after Cavour
Ricasoli (1861-62) Rattazzi (March-Dec 1862) Farini (1862-63) Minghetti (1863-64) La Marmora (1864-66)
What were the problems with Cavour’s successors (2)
They were ignorant of Italian politics
Lacked support from the King
What did Garibaldi do in 1862?
Set up the Society for the Emancipation of Rome and attempted to attack Rome
Why did Rattazzi have to stop Garibaldi?
To not upset the French
What consequences did Rattazzi stopping Garibaldi have?
He was seen as anti-nationalist. He was sacked
What was the problem with the King and the Italian government
All the power was in the hands of Victor Emmanuel and not the people.
How did Mazzini describe the new Italy?
“A sham”
The Italian government were mainly composed of which two social groups?
Piedmontese nobility
Educated middle class
What was the electorate?
2% of the population - literate, male taxpayers from northern Italy
How members of parliament were there?
How many elected them?
443 members of parliament
150,000 voters
Which state was an exception to Italy’s single criminal legal code?
Tuscany
When was the single legal code and civil law code implemented in Italy?
1865
How was a unified education system created?
Schools and universities came under state control
Military - how did Italy try to unify?
A unified Italian army was formed under Prussian guidance
A unified navy was formed
In March 1861, why did Cavour face opposition from the Pope
The Pope had lost 2/3 of his land to the new kingdom
What did the Pope feel threatened by, other than the loss of land?
The claims that Rome was the natural capital of Italy
What did the Church ignoring Cavour create
A period of Fractious Cohabitation
What did the French Catholic Renan say?
The Bible should not be treated as accurate
What was the Syllabus of Errors (3)
Church would control the education system, culture and science.
Rejected all other religions.
Rejected liberalism, communism, nationalism and socialism.
How did people react to the react to the Syllabus of Errors
Bitter blow to the new state and moderate Catholics, who wanted Pius IX to modernise
When the Vatican Council met in 1869, what did they agree to?
The Dogma of Papal Infallibility
What did the Dogma of Papal Infallibility 1870 state?
The Pope’s statements were indisputable
How did the structure of Italy cause a problem?
Italy was socially, politically and economically diverse
In the 1860 plebiscites, what had people believed they were voting for?
People were voting against the ruler’s tyranny and the peasant revolts, rather than unification
What made the South unsuitable?
Its poverty and backwardness
What did the 1859 Casati Law do?
It made primary education compulsory
What was the problem with the 1859 Casati Law?
The majority of the south was illiterate
What was the problem with Sicily and Naples?
They had a long tradition of regional autonomy
How did Cavour decide to crush opposition in the South?
He ordered Farina south to crush Bourbon agents’ opposition following an October 1860 uprising.
Give an example of how rapidly Italy was Piedmontised
February 1861, the Naples legal system was changed by 53 decrees in 2 days
How many provinces was Italy divided into?
53, each governed by a prefect
What was, in theory, standardised across Italy (3)
All customs
Coinage
Measures
How was education paid for?
What did this lead to?
Attacking the Church
The dissolution of 2382 monasteries
What was the problem with the dissolution of monasteries and convents?
It deprived areas of charitable institutions.
What was the problem with the jury system introduced in the south
The mafia was able to corrupt and intimidate jurors
What effect did the south have on the north?
It became a drain on the north
What had Lombardy been promised?
It’s own legal system, education system and local government
What happened in August 1860?
Modena, controlled by Farini, voted for annexation by Piedmont
Where was the exception to Piedmontisation?
Why was this the case?
Tuscany
Baron Ricasoli was able to retain Tuscan customs and legal systems
What debt had the Brigands’ War left behind?
2.5 billion Lire
When was the Brigands’ War?
1861-65
Military - What had been introduced that caused problems in the south?
Conscription was introduced - young men were needed on the farms
What happened to many in the West of Sicily?
They joined the mafia
What did people do in protest of conscription
1861, 25,000 took to the hills to avoid conscription
Who made up the Brigandage?
The unemployed, the disillusioned and 1000 convicts who had escaped
1863, how many troops were there to keep the peace
90,000 - far more than used against Austria
By 1862, how many Brigands were there?
82,000
What happened in Palermo, Sicily in 1865?
A week-long rebellion, leading to the murder of government officials
Give an example of a Brigand leader
Crocco
What debt had been left by Cavour’s 1850 policies?
2,450 million lire, this doubled four years later when Piedmont took on the other states
What were the results of Italy’s constant financial needs? (2)
The 1865, Flour tax
Negotiation of humiliating foreign loans
By the 1860s, what fraction of Italian bonds were in foreign loans?
1/3
Why was the Grist Tax introduced?
By 1866, the deficit took up 60% of state expenditure
When was the Grist Tax introduced?
What was it?
1868
A tax on the milling of corn
What did the 1868 Grist Tax lead to?
250 deaths and 1000 wounded in riots in the following two weeks after its introduction
How did the state use the church to try and raise funds?
Act in 1867, nine million acres of Church land was sold was the next 9 years
What was the problem with selling the Church’s land?
In the north, peasant farmers could afford the land. However, in the south, the middle class bought it
How much of each of Italy’s yearly produce was used for debt repayment
30%
Why was development difficult in Central and Southern Italy?
Conservative attitudes meant there was a distrust of paper money, and borrowing was seen as immoral
By 1861, how many people were employed in industry
3 million - 80% of whom were women and children
Why was there little interest in canals in Italy?
Due to Italy’s topography
How many railways were there in Sardinia and Sicily
0
What was the effect of Sardinia and Sicily having no railways?
It hindered the growth of industrial devlopment
What happened to railways in 1865
They were privatised
Why did Garibaldi tried to engineer armed risings in 1862 and 1864
To try and draw Austrian troops out of Italy
What was the Schleswig-Holstein affair of 1866?
What did this mean for Italy?
Austria was deemed to have violated the joint sovereignty of the region, causing relations between Prussia and Austria to decline.
Prussia and Italy now had a common enemy
What did La Marmora offer Austria?
To purchase Venetia from Austria for 1000 million lire - this failed
What happened on 20th June 1866
4 days after Prussia, Italy declared war on Austria
What was the result of Italy’s war on Austria in alliance with Prussia
A humiliating military failure due to poor organisation
What was the result of a secret treaty between France and Austria
Austria gave Venetia to France, who gave Venetia to Italy
Why did Italy need Rome in order to be complete? (3)
It was a symbol of foreign interference.
The spiritual heartbeat
Nationalist would feel betrayed without it
What caused a Catholic backlash in France 1860
Louis Napoleon had failed to protect the Pope at Castelfidaro
What happened 29th August 1862 to Garibaldi?
He stopped in the mountains at Aspromonte and shot in the foot.
What France did seek in May 1870
An anti-Prussian alliance with Italy and Austria
How was the Franco Prussian War in Italy’s favour
Italy would not agree unless Rome was the prize.
Austria would not join unless Italy did
Were Rome and Latium annexed via plebiscite?
Yes
What grant was the Pope given after unification?
£129,000 per annum
When was the capital officially moved from Florence to Rome?
July 1871
What was the problem with the south’s power?
Lack of water as they did not have rivers from the Alps like the north
What happened to the tariffs that had previously protected the South?
Removed
What did the removal of tariffs cause in the south
The collapse of industries such as silk which couldn’t compete with their competition in the north
How many infants died before their first and fifth birthday in 1871?
22.7% (first)
50% (fifth)
Why did Italians emigrate? (4)
Poverty
Unemployment
Higher taxes
Lack of land
In 1871, how many Italians emigrated?
120,000
What was the law of guarantees?
Did it appease the church?
It gave the Pope the status of a monarch
No
Where were the two courts in Rome?
What effect did this have?
One in the Quirinale Palace and one at the Vatican
Weakened Italy
How many chambers was the Italian parliament made up of?
What were they?
2
Chamber of Deputies and Senate
What did Deputies do?
Represent their constituencies
How many of those eligible to vote did so?
60%
Where were those on the “right” generally from?
What did they support?
North - often aristocratic.
Supported the monarchy and improving Italy
Where were those on the “left” generally from?
What did they support?
South - middle class Anti-clerical and wanted an extension of the franchise
What happened on 24th May 1870?
A Mazzinian called Barsanti led an attack on army barracks in Pavia.
What was Italian irredentism
A national movement during the late 19th century which promoted the unification of geographic areas where Italian speaking people formed a majority, or substantial minority
What kind of monarch was Victor Emmanuel II
A constitutional monarch
What did VEII’s constitutional monarchy mean?
He could not pass laws without the approval of the national parliament or ministerial approval
1870, what was the monarchy a symbol of?
Unity, stability, anti-radicalism
What restored people’s faith in the government?
Lack of corruption
Who did the civil service give jobs to?
War time veterans of the wars of independence
Who controlled the central economy and education
The civil service
How many Carabinieri were there?
25 000
What was the Carabinieri?
A strong military police force
How many local policemen were there?
18,000
What did the municipality “Commune” help?
locals, coordinating public health, education and taxes
How many Communi were there?
8 382
What size was the army by 1870
215,000 with 2 million in reserve
How did the army help unification?
Installed nationalism and fought under the label of “italians”
How were regiments constructed to promote unity?
With troops from more than one state.
