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Italy > Booklet 4 - Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy, 1861-70 > Flashcards

Booklet 4 - Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy, 1861-70 Flashcards

1
Q

How was France still posing a problem, even after Italy had been declared to be unified?

A

French troops were still in Rome and Napoleon would not withdraw them

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2
Q

At the September 1864 Convention, what condition did Napoleon agree to withdraw troops under?

A

If the Italian capital was switched from Rome to Florence

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3
Q

Who agreed to France’s terms given at the September 1864 Convention

A

The Italian Government lead by PM Minghetti

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4
Q

How did the Italian people react to the Italian capital

A

There was a riot in Turin, 23 people died

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5
Q

What happened to Minghetti after the capital was switched?

A

Minghetti was fired

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6
Q

How did Austria pose a threat to Italian unity, even after losing Lombardy?

A

Did not want to give up Venetia, and maintained a large army there.

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7
Q

What did Cavour do to try and weaken Austria?

A

Encourage Hungarian revolutionary leaders to start an uprising - it failed

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8
Q

How did Prussia weaken Austria’s power in 1862?

A

Prussia made a free trade treaty with France and excluded Austria

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9
Q

When and how did Cavour die?

A

June 1861 to Malaria

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10
Q

What was the succession after Cavour

A 
Ricasoli (1861-62)
Rattazzi (March-Dec 1862)
Farini (1862-63)
Minghetti (1863-64)
La Marmora (1864-66)
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11
Q

What were the problems with Cavour’s successors (2)

A

They were ignorant of Italian politics

Lacked support from the King

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12
Q

What did Garibaldi do in 1862?

A

Set up the Society for the Emancipation of Rome and attempted to attack Rome

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13
Q

Why did Rattazzi have to stop Garibaldi?

A

To not upset the French

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14
Q

What consequences did Rattazzi stopping Garibaldi have?

A

He was seen as anti-nationalist. He was sacked

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15
Q

What was the problem with the King and the Italian government

A

All the power was in the hands of Victor Emmanuel and not the people.

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16
Q

How did Mazzini describe the new Italy?

A

“A sham”

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17
Q

The Italian government were mainly composed of which two social groups?

A

Piedmontese nobility

Educated middle class

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18
Q

What was the electorate?

A

2% of the population - literate, male taxpayers from northern Italy

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19
Q

How members of parliament were there?

How many elected them?

A

443 members of parliament

150,000 voters

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20
Q

Which state was an exception to Italy’s single criminal legal code?

A

Tuscany

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21
Q

When was the single legal code and civil law code implemented in Italy?

A

1865

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22
Q

How was a unified education system created?

A

Schools and universities came under state control

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23
Q

Military - how did Italy try to unify?

A

A unified Italian army was formed under Prussian guidance

A unified navy was formed

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24
Q

In March 1861, why did Cavour face opposition from the Pope

A

The Pope had lost 2/3 of his land to the new kingdom

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25
Q

What did the Pope feel threatened by, other than the loss of land?

A

The claims that Rome was the natural capital of Italy

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26
Q

What did the Church ignoring Cavour create

A

A period of Fractious Cohabitation

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27
Q

What did the French Catholic Renan say?

A

The Bible should not be treated as accurate

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28
Q

What was the Syllabus of Errors (3)

A

Church would control the education system, culture and science.
Rejected all other religions.
Rejected liberalism, communism, nationalism and socialism.

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29
Q

How did people react to the react to the Syllabus of Errors

A

Bitter blow to the new state and moderate Catholics, who wanted Pius IX to modernise

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30
Q

When the Vatican Council met in 1869, what did they agree to?

A

The Dogma of Papal Infallibility

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31
Q

What did the Dogma of Papal Infallibility 1870 state?

A

The Pope’s statements were indisputable

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32
Q

How did the structure of Italy cause a problem?

A

Italy was socially, politically and economically diverse

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33
Q

In the 1860 plebiscites, what had people believed they were voting for?

A

People were voting against the ruler’s tyranny and the peasant revolts, rather than unification

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34
Q

What made the South unsuitable?

A

Its poverty and backwardness

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35
Q

What did the 1859 Casati Law do?

A

It made primary education compulsory

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36
Q

What was the problem with the 1859 Casati Law?

A

The majority of the south was illiterate

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37
Q

What was the problem with Sicily and Naples?

A

They had a long tradition of regional autonomy

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38
Q

How did Cavour decide to crush opposition in the South?

A

He ordered Farina south to crush Bourbon agents’ opposition following an October 1860 uprising.

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39
Q

Give an example of how rapidly Italy was Piedmontised

A

February 1861, the Naples legal system was changed by 53 decrees in 2 days

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40
Q

How many provinces was Italy divided into?

A

53, each governed by a prefect

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41
Q

What was, in theory, standardised across Italy (3)

A

All customs
Coinage
Measures

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42
Q

How was education paid for?

What did this lead to?

A

Attacking the Church

The dissolution of 2382 monasteries

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43
Q

What was the problem with the dissolution of monasteries and convents?

A

It deprived areas of charitable institutions.

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44
Q

What was the problem with the jury system introduced in the south

A

The mafia was able to corrupt and intimidate jurors

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45
Q

What effect did the south have on the north?

A

It became a drain on the north

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46
Q

What had Lombardy been promised?

A

It’s own legal system, education system and local government

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47
Q

What happened in August 1860?

A

Modena, controlled by Farini, voted for annexation by Piedmont

48
Q

Where was the exception to Piedmontisation?

Why was this the case?

A

Tuscany

Baron Ricasoli was able to retain Tuscan customs and legal systems

49
Q

What debt had the Brigands’ War left behind?

A

2.5 billion Lire

50
Q

When was the Brigands’ War?

A

1861-65

51
Q

Military - What had been introduced that caused problems in the south?

A

Conscription was introduced - young men were needed on the farms

52
Q

What happened to many in the West of Sicily?

A

They joined the mafia

53
Q

What did people do in protest of conscription

A

1861, 25,000 took to the hills to avoid conscription

54
Q

Who made up the Brigandage?

A

The unemployed, the disillusioned and 1000 convicts who had escaped

55
Q

1863, how many troops were there to keep the peace

A

90,000 - far more than used against Austria

56
Q

By 1862, how many Brigands were there?

A

82,000

57
Q

What happened in Palermo, Sicily in 1865?

A

A week-long rebellion, leading to the murder of government officials

58
Q

Give an example of a Brigand leader

A

Crocco

59
Q

What debt had been left by Cavour’s 1850 policies?

A

2,450 million lire, this doubled four years later when Piedmont took on the other states

60
Q

What were the results of Italy’s constant financial needs? (2)

A

The 1865, Flour tax

Negotiation of humiliating foreign loans

61
Q

By the 1860s, what fraction of Italian bonds were in foreign loans?

A

1/3

62
Q

Why was the Grist Tax introduced?

A

By 1866, the deficit took up 60% of state expenditure

63
Q

When was the Grist Tax introduced?

What was it?

A

1868

A tax on the milling of corn

64
Q

What did the 1868 Grist Tax lead to?

A

250 deaths and 1000 wounded in riots in the following two weeks after its introduction

65
Q

How did the state use the church to try and raise funds?

A

Act in 1867, nine million acres of Church land was sold was the next 9 years

66
Q

What was the problem with selling the Church’s land?

A

In the north, peasant farmers could afford the land. However, in the south, the middle class bought it

67
Q

How much of each of Italy’s yearly produce was used for debt repayment

A

30%

68
Q

Why was development difficult in Central and Southern Italy?

A

Conservative attitudes meant there was a distrust of paper money, and borrowing was seen as immoral

69
Q

By 1861, how many people were employed in industry

A

3 million - 80% of whom were women and children

70
Q

Why was there little interest in canals in Italy?

A

Due to Italy’s topography

71
Q

How many railways were there in Sardinia and Sicily

A

0

72
Q

What was the effect of Sardinia and Sicily having no railways?

A

It hindered the growth of industrial devlopment

73
Q

What happened to railways in 1865

A

They were privatised

74
Q

Why did Garibaldi tried to engineer armed risings in 1862 and 1864

A

To try and draw Austrian troops out of Italy

75
Q

What was the Schleswig-Holstein affair of 1866?

What did this mean for Italy?

A

Austria was deemed to have violated the joint sovereignty of the region, causing relations between Prussia and Austria to decline.
Prussia and Italy now had a common enemy

76
Q

What did La Marmora offer Austria?

A

To purchase Venetia from Austria for 1000 million lire - this failed

77
Q

What happened on 20th June 1866

A

4 days after Prussia, Italy declared war on Austria

78
Q

What was the result of Italy’s war on Austria in alliance with Prussia

A

A humiliating military failure due to poor organisation

79
Q

What was the result of a secret treaty between France and Austria

A

Austria gave Venetia to France, who gave Venetia to Italy

80
Q

Why did Italy need Rome in order to be complete? (3)

A

It was a symbol of foreign interference.
The spiritual heartbeat
Nationalist would feel betrayed without it

81
Q

What caused a Catholic backlash in France 1860

A

Louis Napoleon had failed to protect the Pope at Castelfidaro

82
Q

What happened 29th August 1862 to Garibaldi?

A

He stopped in the mountains at Aspromonte and shot in the foot.

83
Q

What France did seek in May 1870

A

An anti-Prussian alliance with Italy and Austria

84
Q

How was the Franco Prussian War in Italy’s favour

A

Italy would not agree unless Rome was the prize.

Austria would not join unless Italy did

85
Q

Were Rome and Latium annexed via plebiscite?

A

Yes

86
Q

What grant was the Pope given after unification?

A

£129,000 per annum

87
Q

When was the capital officially moved from Florence to Rome?

A

July 1871

88
Q

What was the problem with the south’s power?

A

Lack of water as they did not have rivers from the Alps like the north

89
Q

What happened to the tariffs that had previously protected the South?

A

Removed

90
Q

What did the removal of tariffs cause in the south

A

The collapse of industries such as silk which couldn’t compete with their competition in the north

91
Q

How many infants died before their first and fifth birthday in 1871?

A

22.7% (first)

50% (fifth)

92
Q

Why did Italians emigrate? (4)

A

Poverty
Unemployment
Higher taxes
Lack of land

93
Q

In 1871, how many Italians emigrated?

A

120,000

94
Q

What was the law of guarantees?

Did it appease the church?

A

It gave the Pope the status of a monarch

No

95
Q

Where were the two courts in Rome?

What effect did this have?

A

One in the Quirinale Palace and one at the Vatican

Weakened Italy

96
Q

How many chambers was the Italian parliament made up of?

What were they?

A

2

Chamber of Deputies and Senate

97
Q

What did Deputies do?

A

Represent their constituencies

98
Q

How many of those eligible to vote did so?

A

60%

99
Q

Where were those on the “right” generally from?

What did they support?

A

North - often aristocratic.

Supported the monarchy and improving Italy

100
Q

Where were those on the “left” generally from?

What did they support?

A 
South - middle class
Anti-clerical and wanted an extension of the franchise
101
Q

What happened on 24th May 1870?

A

A Mazzinian called Barsanti led an attack on army barracks in Pavia.

102
Q

What was Italian irredentism

A

A national movement during the late 19th century which promoted the unification of geographic areas where Italian speaking people formed a majority, or substantial minority

103
Q

What kind of monarch was Victor Emmanuel II

A

A constitutional monarch

104
Q

What did VEII’s constitutional monarchy mean?

A

He could not pass laws without the approval of the national parliament or ministerial approval

105
Q

1870, what was the monarchy a symbol of?

A

Unity, stability, anti-radicalism

106
Q

What restored people’s faith in the government?

A

Lack of corruption

107
Q

Who did the civil service give jobs to?

A

War time veterans of the wars of independence

108
Q

Who controlled the central economy and education

A

The civil service

109
Q

How many Carabinieri were there?

A

25 000

110
Q

What was the Carabinieri?

A

A strong military police force

111
Q

How many local policemen were there?

A

18,000

112
Q

What did the municipality “Commune” help?

A

locals, coordinating public health, education and taxes

113
Q

How many Communi were there?

A

8 382

114
Q

What size was the army by 1870

A

215,000 with 2 million in reserve

115
Q

How did the army help unification?

A

Installed nationalism and fought under the label of “italians”

116
Q

How were regiments constructed to promote unity?

A

With troops from more than one state.

Italy (3 decks)

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