Booklet 1 - Source Question Revolutions of 1848 Flashcards
How did Mazzini contribute to the growth of nationalism (2)
Great propagandist
Recruited Garibaldi
How many followers did Mazzini / Young Italy have
50,000
What were the nationalist ideals of Balbo (2)
Wanted Piedmont to reclaim Lombardy and Venetia
Wanted Charles Albert as a leader
How many copies of Gioberti’s “Primato” sold?
5000
What were Gioberti’s nationalist ideals (2)
United under Pius IX
Neo-Guelphism
What were Azeglio’s nationalist ideals?
Anti-Revolution
Believed uniting Italy would come from above
Describe the Carbonari (2)
Based in Naples
60,000 followers
Where were the Spillo Negro based?
Papal States
How did Dante contribute to nationalism
Written in the Italian language
How did Romans contribute to nationalism
Circe spoke of Italy as a whole
Describe the government of Piedmont-Sardinia
Modern and liberal
What sort of ruler was Charles Albert
A cautious ruler
Give two examples of a positive initial relationship between Pius IX and Charles Albert
CA joined Pius IX’s customs union
CA supported Pius’ reforms of the legal system
What inspired the “Statuto”? (2)
Demands for reform
New constitutions in France, Germany and Austria
When was the “Statuto” presented?
1847
What was the “Statuto” influenced by?
American, English and Belgian constitutions
What effect did the “Statuto” have
Gave radicals and reformers civil rights
What effect did the “Statuto” have on nationalism
Increased the drive for unification
When was Pius IX elected
1846
Why did Catholic cardinals elect Pius?
He had a moderate stance
What was one of the Pope’s first acts?
A release of political prisoners
What steps did Pius take towards unification (2)
Questioning the justice system
Recruiting a council of advisors
What effect did Pius have on other states?
Progressive actions inspired other states, for example the abolition of press censorship in Piedmont
Why did Lombardy-Venetia resent Austria?
High taxation
How much of the Austrian Empire’s taxes revenues came from Lombardy-Venetia
1/3
When did tensions with the Austrians begin
When Austrian troops occupied the Papal town of Ferrara
What did Austria’s occupation of Ferrara cause?
Pius lodged a formal protest with the Austrian governent
What happened in January 1848? Papal States (2)
Pius denied Austria the right to cross the Papal States
Asked the Lord to bless “Italia”
What did the conflict between Pius and Austria suggest?
Austria, a Catholic country, was in conflict with the church
What happened in March 1848? (2)
Declaration of a republic in Venice
Skirmishes in Milan which forced out the Austrian garrison
What percentage of the Italian population was made up of peasants?
90%
What percentage of the Italian population was made up of Catholics?
90%
What sort of farming did the majority of peasants rely on?
Tenant subsistence farming
What was the problem with Tenant subsistence farming?
Inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition
What happened to peasants’ land?
They lost long-held communal land to the wealthy, conservative ruling class
What happened to industrial workers?
Laid off due to over-production
What did the Europe wide harvest failures in 1846 and 47 cause?
Maize and wheat shortages -> high prices
What did increased food prices lead to?
Riots in towns
What did Milan suffer from? (3)
Overcrowding
Poor housing
Terrible conditions
What happened to life expectancy in Naples
It declined after 1810
What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s
24
Why did Sicilians despise their rulers in Naples
They blamed them for the outbreak of cholera in 1836
What were the effects of the 1836 cholera outbreak in Sicily
65,000 deaths
What happened in Sicily in January 1848
Another cholera outbreak
What happened in Sicily in January 9th 1848
Notices in Palermo go up citing revolution
What happened to revolutionaries in Palermo (January 9th 1848)
The authorities arrest suspects
What happened in Sicily 12th January 1848?
The city is taken over and the 1812 Constitution is demanded
What happened in the January 17th 1848 uprising in Naples? (3)
Public records were burned
Bourbon officials were killed
Demands for the constitution of 1820
What effect did the January uprising in Sicily have on Naples?
Caused an uprising in the famine-affected Salermo
What did Ferdinand do January 27th? (2)
Appointed a more liberal ministry
Withdrew troops from Palermo
What did leaders do February 17th 1848?
Pope Pius IX and Grande Duke Leopold (Tuscany) granted a conservative constitution (like Ferdinand had done prior)
What happened in Austria March 1848? (2)
Revolution breaks out in Vienna
Metternich resigns
When were the “Five Glorious Days”?
March 18 1948
What were the “Five Glorious Days”? (3)
10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms in Milan
Barricades thrown up against Austrian forces
Lombardy asked for an alliance with Piedmont
Who declared a Venetian Republic March 22nd 1848?
Daniel Manin
What did Charles Albert do March 22nd 1848?
Declared war on Austria and invades Lombardy
What were peasants doing in Sicily, April 1848 (4)
Destroying property
Freeing prisoners
Burning tax records
(meant a civic guard had to be set up)
What did Pius IX do on April 29th 1848
Issues his allocution
What does Pius’ allocution state? (3)
War with Austria doesn’t have his blessing
Charles Albert is the aggressor
Papacy doesn’t want to lead a united Italy
What happens in Naples and Sicily in April 1848? (2)
Sicily and Naples are declared to be totally separate
Declare the King of Naples is no longer their king
How does Ferdinand act against Austria May 1848? (2)
Broadens the franchise
Sends 17,000 men against Austria
What does Ferdinand agree to May 1848?
Agrees to a two chamber parliament
To free press from censorship
When and how did France start to intervene?
May 1848
30,000 French troops amassed on Piedmont’s western border
What was the problem with Charles Albert’s troops? (3)
Regional loyalty
Different political aims
Albert refused to accept recruits that did not swear loyalty to Piedmont
What was a success for Charles Albert May 1848?
Takes Peschiera and wins the battle of Goito
What is a failure for Charles Albert July 24th 1848
Crushed at the Battle of Custozza
When is the Armistice of Salasco signed
11th August 1848
What is the turning point for Sicily and Naples
August 6th 1848 - Anti-constitutional Giustino Fortunato is put in charge of the government
What did Fernand do September 1848?
Bombed Messina (Sicily) for 3 days
Who does Pius elect as his PM
Why is this bad?
Count Rossi
Anti-Liberal
When is Count Rossi elected?
September 1848
When is Count Rossi murdered
November 15th 1848
When and where does Pope Pius flee
November 26th
Gaeta in Naples
What does Giuseppe Galletti do in Rome December 1848?
Establishes a revolutionary government
What does the revolutionary government under Galletti do? (3)
Tax reform
Public works
Constituent assembly
Why does Leopold flee in January 1849
The atmosphere in Tuscany became more radical
Who is the constituent assembly mainly comprised of?
Radical middle classes
When is the Battle of Novara
March 23 1849
What is the outcome of the Battle of Novara
Piedmont loses
When does Mazzini arrive in Rome
March 1849
What does Mazzini do in Rome with Armellini and Saffi? (4)
Reforms law
Clears slums
Abolishes the death penalty
Promises a constitution
When does Charles Albert abdicate
March 1849
When are Sicily and Naples reunited?
April 1849
When does Leopold return
April 1849
Why does Louis Napoleon send troops to Italy?
To win support of the Catholics after Pius pleads for help
When does Louis Napoleon’s troops arrive in Italy
24th April 1849
What is an obstacle to Napoleon in Rome?
Garibaldi’s volunteers hold him off for 2 months
Who leads the French troops?
General Oudinot
When does Ferdinand re-establish autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily
May 15th 1849
What happens to the constitution in Rome?
Finally issued in June 1849 but it is too late
How many troops put Rome under siege in June 1849
20,000
When do French troops enter Rome
July 3rd 1849
When is peace signed for between Austria and Piedmont
August 1849
How much does Piedmont have to pay in reparations?
65 million francs
Why does the Republic of Venice have to surrender in August 1849 (2)
Hunger
Outbreak of cholera
