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Italy > Booklet 1 - Source Question Revolutions of 1848 > Flashcards

Booklet 1 - Source Question Revolutions of 1848 Flashcards

1
Q

How did Mazzini contribute to the growth of nationalism (2)

A

Great propagandist

Recruited Garibaldi

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2
Q

How many followers did Mazzini / Young Italy have

A

50,000

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3
Q

What were the nationalist ideals of Balbo (2)

A

Wanted Piedmont to reclaim Lombardy and Venetia

Wanted Charles Albert as a leader

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4
Q

How many copies of Gioberti’s “Primato” sold?

A

5000

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5
Q

What were Gioberti’s nationalist ideals (2)

A

United under Pius IX

Neo-Guelphism

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6
Q

What were Azeglio’s nationalist ideals?

A

Anti-Revolution

Believed uniting Italy would come from above

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7
Q

Describe the Carbonari (2)

A

Based in Naples

60,000 followers

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8
Q

Where were the Spillo Negro based?

A

Papal States

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9
Q

How did Dante contribute to nationalism

A

Written in the Italian language

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10
Q

How did Romans contribute to nationalism

A

Circe spoke of Italy as a whole

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11
Q

Describe the government of Piedmont-Sardinia

A

Modern and liberal

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12
Q

What sort of ruler was Charles Albert

A

A cautious ruler

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13
Q

Give two examples of a positive initial relationship between Pius IX and Charles Albert

A

CA joined Pius IX’s customs union

CA supported Pius’ reforms of the legal system

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14
Q

What inspired the “Statuto”? (2)

A

Demands for reform

New constitutions in France, Germany and Austria

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15
Q

When was the “Statuto” presented?

A

1847

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16
Q

What was the “Statuto” influenced by?

A

American, English and Belgian constitutions

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17
Q

What effect did the “Statuto” have

A

Gave radicals and reformers civil rights

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18
Q

What effect did the “Statuto” have on nationalism

A

Increased the drive for unification

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19
Q

When was Pius IX elected

A

1846

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20
Q

Why did Catholic cardinals elect Pius?

A

He had a moderate stance

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21
Q

What was one of the Pope’s first acts?

A

A release of political prisoners

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22
Q

What steps did Pius take towards unification (2)

A

Questioning the justice system

Recruiting a council of advisors

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23
Q

What effect did Pius have on other states?

A

Progressive actions inspired other states, for example the abolition of press censorship in Piedmont

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24
Q

Why did Lombardy-Venetia resent Austria?

A

High taxation

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25
Q

How much of the Austrian Empire’s taxes revenues came from Lombardy-Venetia

A

1/3

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26
Q

When did tensions with the Austrians begin

A

When Austrian troops occupied the Papal town of Ferrara

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27
Q

What did Austria’s occupation of Ferrara cause?

A

Pius lodged a formal protest with the Austrian governent

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28
Q 
What happened in January 1848?
Papal States (2)
A

Pius denied Austria the right to cross the Papal States

Asked the Lord to bless “Italia”

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29
Q

What did the conflict between Pius and Austria suggest?

A

Austria, a Catholic country, was in conflict with the church

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30
Q

What happened in March 1848? (2)

A

Declaration of a republic in Venice

Skirmishes in Milan which forced out the Austrian garrison

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31
Q

What percentage of the Italian population was made up of peasants?

A

90%

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32
Q

What percentage of the Italian population was made up of Catholics?

A

90%

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33
Q

What sort of farming did the majority of peasants rely on?

A

Tenant subsistence farming

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34
Q

What was the problem with Tenant subsistence farming?

A

Inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition

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35
Q

What happened to peasants’ land?

A

They lost long-held communal land to the wealthy, conservative ruling class

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36
Q

What happened to industrial workers?

A

Laid off due to over-production

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37
Q

What did the Europe wide harvest failures in 1846 and 47 cause?

A

Maize and wheat shortages -> high prices

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38
Q

What did increased food prices lead to?

A

Riots in towns

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39
Q

What did Milan suffer from? (3)

A

Overcrowding
Poor housing
Terrible conditions

40
Q

What happened to life expectancy in Naples

A

It declined after 1810

41
Q

What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s

A

24

42
Q

Why did Sicilians despise their rulers in Naples

A

They blamed them for the outbreak of cholera in 1836

43
Q

What were the effects of the 1836 cholera outbreak in Sicily

A

65,000 deaths

44
Q

What happened in Sicily in January 1848

A

Another cholera outbreak

45
Q

What happened in Sicily in January 9th 1848

A

Notices in Palermo go up citing revolution

46
Q

What happened to revolutionaries in Palermo (January 9th 1848)

A

The authorities arrest suspects

47
Q

What happened in Sicily 12th January 1848?

A

The city is taken over and the 1812 Constitution is demanded

48
Q

What happened in the January 17th 1848 uprising in Naples? (3)

A

Public records were burned
Bourbon officials were killed
Demands for the constitution of 1820

49
Q

What effect did the January uprising in Sicily have on Naples?

A

Caused an uprising in the famine-affected Salermo

50
Q

What did Ferdinand do January 27th? (2)

A

Appointed a more liberal ministry

Withdrew troops from Palermo

51
Q

What did leaders do February 17th 1848?

A

Pope Pius IX and Grande Duke Leopold (Tuscany) granted a conservative constitution (like Ferdinand had done prior)

52
Q

What happened in Austria March 1848? (2)

A

Revolution breaks out in Vienna

Metternich resigns

53
Q

When were the “Five Glorious Days”?

A

March 18 1948

54
Q

What were the “Five Glorious Days”? (3)

A

10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms in Milan
Barricades thrown up against Austrian forces
Lombardy asked for an alliance with Piedmont

55
Q

Who declared a Venetian Republic March 22nd 1848?

A

Daniel Manin

56
Q

What did Charles Albert do March 22nd 1848?

A

Declared war on Austria and invades Lombardy

57
Q

What were peasants doing in Sicily, April 1848 (4)

A

Destroying property
Freeing prisoners
Burning tax records
(meant a civic guard had to be set up)

58
Q

What did Pius IX do on April 29th 1848

A

Issues his allocution

59
Q

What does Pius’ allocution state? (3)

A

War with Austria doesn’t have his blessing
Charles Albert is the aggressor
Papacy doesn’t want to lead a united Italy

60
Q

What happens in Naples and Sicily in April 1848? (2)

A

Sicily and Naples are declared to be totally separate

Declare the King of Naples is no longer their king

61
Q

How does Ferdinand act against Austria May 1848? (2)

A

Broadens the franchise

Sends 17,000 men against Austria

62
Q

What does Ferdinand agree to May 1848?

A

Agrees to a two chamber parliament

To free press from censorship

63
Q

When and how did France start to intervene?

A

May 1848

30,000 French troops amassed on Piedmont’s western border

64
Q

What was the problem with Charles Albert’s troops? (3)

A

Regional loyalty
Different political aims
Albert refused to accept recruits that did not swear loyalty to Piedmont

65
Q

What was a success for Charles Albert May 1848?

A

Takes Peschiera and wins the battle of Goito

66
Q

What is a failure for Charles Albert July 24th 1848

A

Crushed at the Battle of Custozza

67
Q

When is the Armistice of Salasco signed

A

11th August 1848

68
Q

What is the turning point for Sicily and Naples

A

August 6th 1848 - Anti-constitutional Giustino Fortunato is put in charge of the government

69
Q

What did Fernand do September 1848?

A

Bombed Messina (Sicily) for 3 days

70
Q

Who does Pius elect as his PM

Why is this bad?

A

Count Rossi

Anti-Liberal

71
Q

When is Count Rossi elected?

A

September 1848

72
Q

When is Count Rossi murdered

A

November 15th 1848

73
Q

When and where does Pope Pius flee

A

November 26th

Gaeta in Naples

74
Q

What does Giuseppe Galletti do in Rome December 1848?

A

Establishes a revolutionary government

75
Q

What does the revolutionary government under Galletti do? (3)

A

Tax reform
Public works
Constituent assembly

76
Q

Why does Leopold flee in January 1849

A

The atmosphere in Tuscany became more radical

77
Q

Who is the constituent assembly mainly comprised of?

A

Radical middle classes

78
Q

When is the Battle of Novara

A

March 23 1849

79
Q

What is the outcome of the Battle of Novara

A

Piedmont loses

80
Q

When does Mazzini arrive in Rome

A

March 1849

81
Q

What does Mazzini do in Rome with Armellini and Saffi? (4)

A

Reforms law
Clears slums
Abolishes the death penalty
Promises a constitution

82
Q

When does Charles Albert abdicate

A

March 1849

83
Q

When are Sicily and Naples reunited?

A

April 1849

84
Q

When does Leopold return

A

April 1849

85
Q

Why does Louis Napoleon send troops to Italy?

A

To win support of the Catholics after Pius pleads for help

86
Q

When does Louis Napoleon’s troops arrive in Italy

A

24th April 1849

87
Q

What is an obstacle to Napoleon in Rome?

A

Garibaldi’s volunteers hold him off for 2 months

88
Q

Who leads the French troops?

A

General Oudinot

89
Q

When does Ferdinand re-establish autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily

A

May 15th 1849

90
Q

What happens to the constitution in Rome?

A

Finally issued in June 1849 but it is too late

91
Q

How many troops put Rome under siege in June 1849

A

20,000

92
Q

When do French troops enter Rome

A

July 3rd 1849

93
Q

When is peace signed for between Austria and Piedmont

A

August 1849

94
Q

How much does Piedmont have to pay in reparations?

A

65 million francs

95
Q

Why does the Republic of Venice have to surrender in August 1849 (2)

A

Hunger

Outbreak of cholera

Italy (3 decks)

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