Booklet 2 Piedmont 1830-1870 Flashcards
1
Q
How did the 1848 revolutions destroy all short term chances of unification
A
- Mazzini failed to gain the support of lower class people
- Emanuel angered the French ambassador who threatened a war
- pope Pius IX was denying progress for the people and he didn’t believe in the revolutions and as 97% of the state was Catholic they followed his beliefs.
- garibaldi distanced himself from Mazzini
- all further revolutions failed
- moderate liberalism makes the state less radical
- 20,000 French troops were sent into Rome to stop any revolutions since the 1848 revolutions.
2
Q
How did the 1848 revolutions made the prospect of unification merely a matter of time
A
- the statuto still stood in Piedmont
- immigration of 50,000 to Piedmont meant a focus of intellectuals
- Metternich lost office
- Cavour creates an alliance of the left and right called Connubio
- Piedmont had defined the pope and the church
- Austrians encouraged the statuto to be kept
- French being in Rome could create nationalism to get rid of foreign powers
3
Q
Who was Victor Emanuel and what did he do when he turned king
A
- He was the King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy (he was of Austrian imperial family decent)
- he allowed the statuto to stand in Piedmont but retained the right to command the army and appoint and dismiss ministers at will
- his first action as king was to shell Genoa where radicals were revolting
- he appointed Massimo Azeglio as prime minister in 1849. He controlled a moderate conservative administration
- he didn’t wish to see the Catholic church holding influence in Piedmont
4
Q
What fears did nationalist and liberals have about king Ferdinand II
A
- his family were members of the Austrian imperial family and had Austrian influence which scared Piedmontese people as they couldn’t revolt as much in an Austrian controlled state
- he shelled Genoa where radicals were revolting, he was violent with them and didn’t stand for anything
- 25 military men help ministerial roles and they didn’t want any liberal reforms
- Austrians saw him as conservative
5
Q
What encouragement would nationalists and liberals have about Ferdinand being in power
A
- he allowed the statuto to continue and gave the people more political power
- massimo Azeglio was prime minister
- cautious liberal
- didn’t wish to see the Catholic Church holding influence in Piedmont and they were working with Austria
- only states with constitutional monarchy
6
Q
Why was Azeglio a failed/unpopular prime minister in Piedmont
A
- he was in a week position as he only had a small parliamentary majority
- his first major policy was how to challenge the power of the church, 97% of Italy was catholics so this was a bad idea
- he abolished the right for criminal to seek sanctuary and protection in churches which wasn’t good for revolutionists
- the number of days of people had were reduced
7
Q
What did Azeglio do as prime minister
A
- he challenged the church
- he abolished the desperate law courts for priests as it challenged the statuto which said “all justice comes form the king”
- abolished the right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches
- he restricted religious groups property rights
- he reduced the number of feast days which reduced the days people didn’t work
8
Q
What was parliament like with Azeglio as prime minister in 1850 in Piedmont
A
- the siccardi laws divided piedmonts politicians with the more conservative right led by Balbo and Thaon de Revel voting against the laws
- D’Azeglio tried to appease the right by proposing some reduction in press freedom but D’Azeglio’s days were numbered as he had upset the pope
- his minister for trade and agriculture, Cavour decided that the time was right to reorganise piedmonts politics
- he only gave the right to vote for 2% of the male population
- the left deputies: somewhat democratic, loosely liberal, anti-clerical
- the right deputies: feared Revolution, somewhat pro-church, anti liberalism, anti free trade
9
Q
What was the connubio in Piedmont
A
- in 1852 Cavour made a parliamentary agreement with the leader of the centre-left rattazzi, known as the connubio
- this alliance strengthened parliament against the crown and despite the kings disapproval Ratazzi was appointed president of the chamber of deputies
- D’Azelgio moderate-right government was now weakened and his ministry feel when he tried to move to the next stage of his anti-clerical measurers introduce civil marriage in 1852
- Cavour became prime minister in November 1852
10
Q
What was the siccardi law and the
A
April 9. In Piedmont, minster Siccardi introduces a law which substantially restricts the powers of the Catholic Church, abolishes the ecclesiastical tribunals and the right of asylum.
•This was followed by a law of civil marriage; and in 1854 the ecclesiastical reforms were completed by Rattazzi’s bill for restricting religious corporations and placing church property under state control.
11
Q
What were Cavours keys priorities
A
- gain the most economic benefits -improve the banking system
- make Piedmont stronger
- form alliances between states and other big European countries-foreign investment
- create a railway in Italy similar to the one in London-needs suitable infrastructure
12
Q
How would the political actions of Piedmont give encouragement to liberals and nationalists across the country
A
- the church changed their mind about Austria’s control over Italy, Piedmont reacted to this by giving them less power, gave moral to revolutionists as they thought Piedmont wanted to be out of Austria’s control
- they actually acted upon what they said they would do, imprisoned a senior Piedmontese church man
- it was the first state with real change and with more modern ideas
- powerful state and people believed it was the only state that could fight against Austria
13
Q
Why was Cavour popular
A
- he introduced the connubio which strengthened parliaments power against the crown and as the crown had Austrian influence, it gave Austria less power and radicals like it as they could revolt easier
- he was very influential in parliament and could change or create laws easily
- he brought more money into the economy via banking or trading with train lines
14
Q
How did Cavour create political stability?
Anti clericalism
A
- Cavour dropped D’Azeglio’s plan for civil marriage m, due to pressure form the king
- 1855, he attacked the wealth of the church and their estates. The state gave the church 5 million lire per year, so suppressed all monasteries not involved in education or charity. 152 monasteries and 1700 benefices (posts held by priests) were suppressed, this reduced influence of the church and added £145,640 to the states home
- in 1857 the right in parliament, who had sympathy for the church increased their votes in the elections so Cavour sacked rattazzi and ended the connubio to create more stability
- he also had to change his attitude to the church to stop challenges to the government, but in doing so he created more stability.
15
Q
How did Cavour create political stability?
Crushing the radicals
A
- in feb 1853 Cavour had to deal with the diplomatic impact of mazzian inspired insurrection in Austrian controlled Milan. He warned Austria of the impending uprising and revived thanks form Vienna
- the Austrian seized property of citizens of Lombardy who then fled to Piedmont. This showed that Mazzini’s methods were weak. This was also the case in 1857 when an insurrection in Naples led by Pisacane failed. There was also similar revolts in Genoa led by Mazzini which failed
- Cavour was furious by these revolts and used the failures as proof the unlikelihood of political change being influenced by Mazzini. Cavour went further by persecuting mazzian democrats and suppressing the mazzian press
